The Necessity of Positive and Normative Economics :: essays papers

The Necessity of Positive and Normative Economics Keynes once wrote The object of a positive science is the establishment of uniformities, of a normative science the determination of ideals. (Blaug, 122) This is the dichotomy that economists recognize when approaching their field of study. The complaisant scientist must recognize some(prenominal) positive and normative distinctions, means and ends, as important factors of fruitful research. Secondly, they must clearly express the conditions and assumption which theories holds in order for economics to be utilizable for society. Positive science is that which is a fact of nature or a fact by definition. In mathematics this is the difference between the knowledge that the angles of a triangle sum to 180 degrees, and the definition of a triangle as a two dimensional polygon with 3 sides. In economics, such facts of knowledge include that money is a store of value, or facts of definition that the UNs Human Development Index ranks Canada above Mexico. These are all positive facts. Whether they bank or are associated with values does not reduce their factualness to a normative realm. One cannot refute positive statements by claiming they are arrived at delinquent to values. It is up to normative science to judge the value of the HDI, a positive fact, and not mistake this action as denying the existence of the HDI. This is probably better verbalize with a topic from macroeconomics. Suppose that some economists agree that inflation produces the social cost of having to adjust prices to new levels. This is a completely positive statement. As pertinacious as every term has been clearly defined, one can understand the relation between inflation (as defined) and cost (as defined). Yes, the definitions have been chosen based on specific values, but this does not disaffirm the statement as a true reflection of reality. Suppose we make a true statement which denies that inflation produces this social cos t, by defining inflation or the cost differently. The old positive fact of reality that the first statement asserted has not changed. By changing definitions, we have merely created a new positive statement. A statement is a true positive fact, according to Weston, when it is consistent with definitions and axioms that define the system. We are not necessarily saying anything about what is true outside of that system.

Huckleberry Finn :: Mark Twain

Journey Adventure or OtherIn the unfermented huckabackleberry Finn by Mark Twain two unlikely people end up sharing fond memories. A romp juvenile named huckleberry Finn and a romp slave named Jim go on an adventure that provide give them everlasting memories. Traveling down the river was more than an exciting and amusing adventure for both Huck and Jim. A perfect example of Huck and Jims relationship is. When we was ten foot off Tom whispered to me, and wanted to tie Jim to the tree for fun. exclusively I said no. (Chap2 twain) Early in the book you can see the respect Huck gives Jim though he is a runaway slave. This sign of respect no matter how minor builds for their relationship in the book. Why aint this nigger put up at auction and sell?(Chap6 twain) From early on Huck heard his father curse about and denounce slaves and surprisingly Huck did not take on the same attitude. Jim custom ever forgit you, Huck, yous de bes fren Jims ever had, en yous de only fren ole Jims got now.(Chap16 twain) At this point Jim has put his guard down and allowed him self to trust a white man and actually call him a friend. This is dramatic because Huck is plotting to turn Jim in to bounty hunters. Im a-trying to steal out of bondage Jim (Chap33 twain) At this point in the story Jim and Huck have developed a deep friendship and have proven how much both didnt and how much they thought they knew about each other.Huck and Jim both have a lot to lose. Jim has his and his familys future on the line while Huck will lose a great friend and have to go back to his abusive father. Before night they judged it was done by a runaway nigger named Jim.(Chap11 twain) Jim has been accused of murder and the fact that he is a runaway slave will make his punishment worst if it is not death. If Jim is caught he will lose his chance to be free and see his family. So he said courts mustnt interfere and separate families if they couldnt help it, said hed druthe r not take a child away from its father.

Analysis of Kurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five :: Slaughterhouse-Five Essays

Analysis of Kurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five Section angiotensin converting enzyme- Introduction Slaughterhouse-Five, written by Kurt Vonnegut Junior, waspublished in 1968 after twenty-three years of internal anguish.The falsehood was a progressive work after Vonnegut returned fromWorld War II. Why did it produce twenty-three years for KurtVonnegut to write this novel? The answer lies within the playscript andwithin the man himself. Kurt Vonnegut served in the Armed Forces during World WarII and was captured during The Battle of the Bulge. He anda group of American Prisoners of War were taken to Dresden totake part in a prisoner work camp. Vonnegut and his fellowsoldiers were housed in an underground facility when Dresdenbecame history as the most loss of human carriage at one time. On thenight of February 13, 1945, when the Americans were underground,Dresden was firebombed by the Allied Air Force. The entire citywas annihila ted while 135,000 people were killed. The number ofcasualties is greater than those of Hiroshima and Nagasakicombined. The bombard of Dresden, Germany is why it took KurtVonnegut so long to write this book. The human pain and sufferingis still fresh in the mind of the author twenty-three yearslater. One can only imagine the intense emotional scarring thatone would suffer after exiting an underground shelter witha dozen other men to mark a city destroyed and its people dead,corpses laying all around. These feelings are what prompted Kurt Vonnegut to writeSlaughterhouse-Five as he did. The main character of this novelmirrors the author in many ways, but the striking similarity istheir inability to deal with the events of Dresden on the nightof February 13, 1945. Section Two- Critical Commentaries Kurt Vonneguts work is nothing new to critics, butSlaughterhouse-Five is considered to be his best work.

African Americans, HIV and AIDA Essay -- df

African Americans who live in low-income communities are more likely to take over in unprotected sexual activities than those who live in high schooler-income communities.iiTable of ContentsChapterPage/sI.The Problem1-2II.Theoretical Framework3-5III.Hypothesis6IV.Population and Design7-8V.Conclusion9-10VI.Bibliography11-121I. ProblemLittle to nothing was known ab show up Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) when it first erupted in the 1970s. When the epidemic in the long run reached noticeable proportions in the early 1980s, a disease that knows no gender, racial, or class boundaries has created a devastating impact on club. This disease has afflicted society in virtually epidemic proportions. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, there are an estimated 1 million Americans infected with AIDS and 40,000-80,000 spick-and-span infections with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) each year. There are few people who do not know mostone w ho has died of AIDS, and it is estimated that, early in the new millennium, some forty million people worldwide will be infected with HIV, and ten million of them will develop AIDS. investigate and statistics reveals that individual behavior is the strongest clincher of HIV and AIDS risk. This high-risk behavior place them in danger and is passed on to others by means of exchanging sex for money or doses, injection drug users (IDUs), incarcerated persons, unborn babies of infected mothers, and other persons who have numerous sex partners.Individuals in communities where inner Transmitted Diseases are prevalent are also at high risk rates of AIDS and HIV infection are substantially higher in blacks than among whites, especially among adolescents and young adults (Healthy People 2000). Many factors contribute to wherefore there are more African Americans infected with HIV, AIDS, and STDs than any other racial and ethnic group.2The purpose of this explanatory study is to find out why African Americans who live in low-income / African American communities are more likely to en... ...ervices (GAPS) Recommendations and Rationale. Chicago American Medical Association, 1994Anspaugh, D. J., Hamrick, M. H. & Rosato, F.D. 2000. Wellness Concepts and Applications (4th ed.). Boston McGraw-Hill Companies.Babbie, Earl R. 2001. The practice of Social Research (9th ed.). United States Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. Atlanta Centers For Disease Control and Prevention, 1995 7(1) 1-34.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Trends in Sexual Risk Behavior among High nurture Students - United States, 1990,1991, and 1993. MMWR 1995 44 124 125.Center for Disease Control and Prevention. National Prevention Information Network. Maryland http//www.cdc.gov/hivCrosby, Richard A. Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University. Atlantahttp//www.reutershealth.com/frame2/eline.htmlNational Center for Health y Statistics. Healthy People 2000 review. 1994. Hyattsville, MD Public Health Service, 1995. (Publication no. DHHS (PHS) 95 1256 1).Research on Molecular Immunology of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. NIH GUIDE, Volume 21, Number 19, May 22, 1992.

Software Piracy Essay -- essays research papers fc

Software Piracy - Are We Doing Enough? Introduction Imagine that a person offered to break into a software store, turn off all the alarms, and hold the doors open, and allow you to take whatever you wanted from the store. This situation is faced by most computer owners everyday, not necessarily in this form, but in the form of software piracy. Software piracy is the unauthorised duplication and or distribution of copyrighted programs. There would merely be select group who would not be tempted by the prospect of basically free software, most of those who are offered these kind of goods either accept them, or are unaware that they are not legitimate. No matter how this crime is being conducted, it has been estimated that this sort of crime is costing the world approximately 13 million dollars annually. Beginnings Software piracy became popular through the use of Bulletin Boards, which allowed people to dial into other an underground archive of pirated software. Around this time, 31/ 2 butt discs were also a popular medium for pirated software. Popularity The reason behind the widespread popularity of software piracy lies in the cost. Why pay $80 dollars for a append of software, when you could get it for the charge of a blank CD. Software piracy has boomed over recent years, which can most likely be attributed to the drop in price of CD Writers, which allow the user to copy from one CD to another in less than an hour. During the beginnings of software piracy, the floppy disc ...

Essay on Voltaire’s Candide: A Freudian Interpretation -- Candide Essa

A Freudian rendering of Candide Voltaires Candide is a humorous work depicting the misadventures of a German man who has move from pseudo-nobility and is forced to roam the sphere in search for his love and his identity. In his adventures, he encounters massive fits of violence, both inflicted by himself onto others, and by those around him. This huge essence of violent behavior brings virtually startling questions about morality and justice in Voltaires time. It becomes app bent that Candide, among other things, is a satire which focuses on justice. Sigmund Freud, the far-famed psychologist, came up with the idea trinity states of consciousness the id, which is the instinctive quality of humans the ego, which is human sagaciouse and the superego, which is a persons morality, or conscience. The characters and actions of Candide can comfortably be classified into these trey states of consciousness to determine much of what Voltaire satirized in his work. The middle group of the conscious states, the ego, is the medium of the brain. It is the bridge from the outside world to the upcountry workings of the mind. It is also the rational portion of the psyche, relying on reason. From the narrative, which is notably biased toward Candides point of view, the obvious symbol of the ego is Pangloss, the philosopher. He is Candides idol, and the posture of right-thinking among the main characters, despite show as an utter buffoon to both the audience and the other characters with his hypotheses that all things are for the best. Also distorted views of the ego are apparent in most of the major characters, including Candide and Cunegonde, most notably. Although they are hardly the pictures of rationale, the... ...p in their own personal El Dorado, the microcosmic garden. An Edenic farm becomes their new home. On the other hand, the rest of community is forced to live with the monstrosity that it has created of itself. Candide and his friends can live in peac e for the rest of their existence while the rest of humanity, including perhaps even the real El Dorado, must suffer its own set of consequences. Voltaire is obviously satirizing the periods view of justice. He makes his points through biting irony using the reversed roles of what he feels should be. These points are unstated, but painstakingly simple and clear. He was obviously hoping to reform the systems of the time. These ideas of reform are made even clearer by Freuds ideas. Voltaire tries to refocus gilds efforts on morality and thinking, rather than tradition and blind submissions. Essay on Voltaires Candide A Freudian Interpretation -- Candide EssaA Freudian Interpretation of Candide Voltaires Candide is a humorous work depicting the misadventures of a German man who has fallen from pseudo-nobility and is forced to roam the world in search for his love and his identity. In his adventures, he encounters massive fits of violence, both inflicted by himself onto others, and by those around him. This huge amount of violent behavior brings about startling questions about morality and justice in Voltaires time. It becomes apparent that Candide, among other things, is a satire which focuses on justice. Sigmund Freud, the noted psychologist, came up with the idea three states of consciousness the id, which is the instinctive quality of humans the ego, which is human rationale and the superego, which is a persons morality, or conscience. The characters and actions of Candide can easily be classified into these three states of consciousness to determine much of what Voltaire satirized in his work. The middle group of the conscious states, the ego, is the medium of the brain. It is the bridge from the outside world to the inner workings of the mind. It is also the rational portion of the psyche, relying on reason. From the narrative, which is notably biased toward Candides point of view, the obvious symbol of the ego is Pangloss, the philoso pher. He is Candides idol, and the model of right-thinking among the main characters, despite appearing as an utter buffoon to both the audience and the other characters with his hypotheses that all things are for the best. Also distorted views of the ego are apparent in most of the major characters, including Candide and Cunegonde, most notably. Although they are hardly the pictures of rationale, the... ...p in their own personal El Dorado, the microcosmic garden. An Edenic farm becomes their new home. On the other hand, the rest of society is forced to live with the monstrosity that it has created of itself. Candide and his friends can live in peace for the rest of their existence while the rest of humanity, including perhaps even the real El Dorado, must suffer its own set of consequences. Voltaire is obviously satirizing the periods view of justice. He makes his points through biting sarcasm using the reversed roles of what he feels should be. These points are unstated, but pai nstakingly simple and clear. He was obviously hoping to reform the systems of the time. These ideas of reform are made even clearer by Freuds ideas. Voltaire tries to refocus societys efforts on morality and thinking, rather than tradition and blind submissions.

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay

corporeal Social Responsibility and integrated Governance are the two important inevitable incorporated practices all over the military man today. Once voluntary acts, these practices have now been made mandatory in the wake of various corporate scandals that shook the corporate world in the late(prenominal) decade. 1. 1 Aims and Objectives With the above background, it is proposed enquire into the corporate practices in the realms of Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Governance that are prevalent in the U. K. and to ascertain how utile the practices are in achieving the objectives behind the said cin one casepts and finally conclude whether U. K has established standards of these practices or still lagging behind. This paper shall be a final cause to determine feasibility of such an exercise.1. 2 Problem Statement As the term suggests Corporate Social Responsibility is an obligation of the corporate entity in entree to the duties owed to its shareholders. Maximis ing profit for the shareholders is not the sole(prenominal) goal of a caller-up. It owes responsibility to all the stake holders in the company.The group of stake holders are share holders, employees, suppliers, customers, politics agencies, and Environment. It implies that while maximising the value of the firm for the sake of shareholders, interests of these stake holders should not be sacrificed in the process. Hence ensuring the social responsibility of a corporate entity is discriminate of Corporate Governance. Corporate Governance is a wider term encompassing the corporate social responsibility also. Hence the managers of the companies must establish sound standards of corporate administration based on the combined code of corporate financial reporting.A corporate entity must comply with code or explain why it has not, in its annual reports as per the guideline set out by Cadbury report. Prior to the Cadbury report, there was no requirement as such on the vocalization of the U. K. Corporates. It was only after the surfacing of corporate scandals in U. K, that the Cadbury report was required to be made by the Government. This proposal therefore gains significance to make a need on the practices of UK companies complying with their social responsibility and separate aspects of corporate governing.That there is a Minister in the U. K. for corporate social responsibility would show the importance tie to it by the Government. The two aspects of CSR and Corporate Governance are part of business ethics. Chapter2 Literature Review Literature review is an exercise to justify this research proposal. This involves examining the literary works available on the subject of this proposal which will form part of secondary data for the study. 2. 1 Corporate Governance It is a system by which the corporate entities are directed and controlled.Thus accountability is required on the part of the hop on to make sure that te corporates are managed in the trump out interests of their shareholders. (Higgs 2003) There must be an effective board which while providing for entrepreneurial leadership should also at the same clipping control the incumbents of the board. To achieve this, the board must consist of a balanced structure of directorship with executive, non-executive, independent non-executive in right proportion to ensure against concentration of power and at the same time ensure balanced decision making.Where there are conflicts of interests likely, the board should appoint sub-committees for nomination and remuneration of directors and auditors to make proposal to the board for approval. The board is expected to big money with shareholders effectively ensuring transparency and accountability. The combined code issued by the Financial Reporting Council and revised from time to time prescribes general principles and procedures of Corporate Governance for listed companies. (CSR) However Corporate cheek is not a new concept.Adam Smiths( 1776) An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of Wealth of Nations gave rise to Berle and Means(1932) agency theory which enunciated separation of corporate ownership from control. Corporate Governance is precisely that. Bruce (2006) states that it is a myth that concentration of power improves firm value. Rather dispersed ownership enhances firm performance. This warrants corporate governance. 2. 2 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Rather than shareholder interests, CSR principle requires companies to have a wide range of stakeholder interests.In pursuit of its business activities, a company should keep in mind the interests of the stake holders as well so that maximisation of firm value in the long run is consolidated. In the process, fundamental relationships with consumers, employees, and other stakeholders are improved. Interaction with consumers results in better understanding of their needs and improvement in the quality of the products besides becoming more competitive in the market. Efficiency increases by cost minimisation. Corporates such as BT and Cooperative Bank are in the practice of giving feed back on their combat as a result of their CSR initiatives.Similarly showing the companys care towards its employees in whatever ways possible including facilitating their work-life balance and giving of supererogatory benefits to physically challenged employees would result in increased productivity and over all improvement in the companys image. Companys environmental concern also is demonstrated through its practice of energy saving , participation in greening projects, compliance with pollution control requirements, minimising carbon consumption and fetching part in carbon credit programs. Desisting from giving bribes to Government officials is also considered a part of CSR.2. 3 Corporate Governance Practices in UK The Corporate governance gained more significance in the U. K. ever since the collapse of BCCI bank and the Robert Maxwell pension funds during 1991. In order to put its own house in order, Government set up a committee under the chairmanship Sir Adrian Cadbury which gave a report known as Cadbury Report with comply or explain directives. It was later(prenominal) followed by Greenburg Report in 1995 concerning remuneration to directors. And both the reports together were integrated to make a combined code in the year 1998.And this has been twice updated once in 2003 after Enron and World com scandals of the U. S. and again in 2006. The Financial Reporting Council enlists the following as key aspects of corporate governance in the U. K. There is a single board of directors with collective responsibility to the companys success. A balancing act is achieved by a separate chief executive and chairman. A right proportion of executive and non-executive directors to ensure balanced decision making in the affairs of the company. Presence of independent audit and remuneration committee.Evaluation p.a. by the board of its own performance. Maintaining transparency in the matters of appointments and fixation of remuneration. Comply or explain are the basic guidelines when making annual reports for compliance or failure to comply any of the codes recommended by the financial reporting council as regards corporate governance. As a result, the U. K. is the leading country with best standards of corporate governance as per the report by FISE ISS in 2005. National Association of pension funds as also certified in the same year that 94% of the U. K.pension funds complied with corporate governance measures in more efficient manner. Compliance cost for companies is also reported to be lower than in other countries. This positive corporate governance makes investors to prefer the U. K. for listing their companies in preference to the U. S stock exchange as per the Oxera report of 2006 (FRC 2006) As a part of its corporate social responsibility, the company Procter & Gamble has introduced a product turn to 3 0 as a substitute to its own Ariel in order to slenderise carbon consumption while citizenry washed clothes.This is as part of their commitment towards removing carbon foot print in their product. The company was awarded with Ethical marketing Prize by the U. K. marketing society. The company found that rather than the presence of carbon foot print in their product, the carbon emission took place when people washed clothes in hot piss. So the company developed turn to 30 which could be used for washing in cold water without giving rise to emission of carbon while washing. As a result the percentage of population using cold water for washing pink wine from 2 percent to 17 percent.This could amount to a great deal in terms of carbon emissions that were saved. (Baker 2008) Chapter 3 Methodology The methodology for the research elect will be qualitative. The literature review will be the major contributor for arriving at conclusions though about 25 companies will also be randomly s elected for the sake of primary data to gain first hand knowledge of the subject of research.And to corroborate the findings in the secondary data gathered through literature review. Chapter 4 Conclusion The Brief literature review above proves to be of immense value as an indicator of practices in the U. K. as regards Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Governance. Commitment of the companies and the Government in the U. K. towards the CSR and Corporate Government encourages further detailed research in the discipline so as to understand the implications fully and suggest measures to increase the present compliance rate in the U. K. by identifying bottle necks still faced by the corporates in that connection. With this in view, the researcher hopes to make a substantial contribution to the field through this proposed research.ReferencesBaker, Mallen. 2008 How to make friend and influence customers Buisness Respect issue 129 June 10 Berle, A. A, & Means, G. C. (1932) The M odern spate and Private Property, Larcourt, Brace & World Inc. , New York, N. Y. Bruce N Douglas. , 2006 Corporate Governance, Capacity Utilisation and Growth CSR Corporate Social Responsibility A government update. Accessed 17 June 2008 FRC 2006 Financial Reporting Council The UK Approach to Corporate Governance Higgs, Derek. 2003 Review of the role and effectiveness of non-executive directors. Accessed 17 June 2008

Final study guide

Final Exam Study Guide Know these people Carl Linnaeus- Swedish botanist who established a system for naming species that is still in use today two-part name peculiar to each type of organism dung atomic number 18e Baptists Lamarckian-proposed that individuals change in response to ch all(prenominal)enges posed by the environment and the changed traits be then passed on to offspring Charles Darwin- said that species change e genuinelyplace time except do non progress individual variation is weighty and variation is what drives evolution Biodiversity How many species have been described? Approximately 1. 5 million (114 of all species) How many species remain to be described? What animals account for the greatest amount of species diversity? Insects How do we estimate biodiversity? brokertic diversity, species diversity, ecosystem diversity, change through time -variety and variability of life on earth, measured by species What argon ecosystem services? surgeryes that increase the quality of the biotic environment -atmosphere and climate, freshwater, nutrient cycling, pollination, pest nation, disease What is an ecological footfall?How many additional planet earths would be required if all humans had the ecological footprint of an American? 4 planets Why is biodiversity important? Why deliberate biodiversity? Economical and biological benefits Science What is a theory and how does it differ from a opening? Well a hypothesis is a possible or conditional explanation for scientific findings that a scientist discovered during research. A theory is a tested by other scientists who get the same results as the previous scientists hypothesis Evolution and raw(a) Selection Why did Darwin delay the publication of The Origin of Species?Because of special creation was still very popular What is unfamiliaritys and how does it relate to the process of Natural Selection? Their ideas both relied on low changes over time rather than cataclysmic events that ca utili se sudden upheaval or change What is a geometric cash advance- -is a sequence of numbers where each term after the first is found by multiplying the previous one by a fixed, non-zero number called the super C ratio -population growth what is an arithmetic progression? -increases by a constant difference (e. . , units of 1 or 2 or 3) -food supply -supply gradually increases with orotund population jumps How do these relate to populations and subjective alternative? lack of resources causes competition Review the medium ground finch study (Gasping forties). What type of woof? Directional selection What influenced beak size? Since only big seeds became available, individuals with particularly large and deep beaks were to a greater extent likely to crack these fruits efficiently enough to survive How did this relate to rain? He drought cause the sources of seeds as food to decline What are the conditions necessary for Natural Selection? individuals vary -some variations are her itable -more offspring are produced than can survive -individuals with traits that confer an advantage are more likely to survive and reproduce What are the agents of evolutionary change review notes on tuition, cone strikeer, nonrandom mating, ingre go awaynttic drift.Mutation-constantly introduces newly allelomorphs at all loci -increases genetic diversity in population -ultimate source of all genetic variability -random with respect to fittingness Gene Flow- the movement of allelomorphs from one population to another -random with respect to fitness -tends equalize allele frequencies among populations Nonrandom matting- nonrandom mating between relatives -causes in blood lineing depression -helps selection wad out deleterious alleles Genetic Drift- any change in the allele frequencies in a population that is due o chance (luck, sampling error) causes allele frequencies to drift up and down randomly over time What is fitness? The ability of an individual to survive and repro duce, relative to other individuals in that population What is simulated selection? Selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to produce offspring with desired genetic traits How does inherent selection produce major change? Trial selection is the tendency of the ones best suited to survive in their environment to survive longer and pass on their genes more often those genes then become more greenness and the harmful rations die out, gradually reshaping all life and fine-tuning it to its environment. What is homology? The occurrence of like features in contrasting species because they both inherited the trait from a common ancestor What is the or so common cause Of homophony? -convergent evolution -occurs when natural selection favors similar solutions to problems posed by a similar way of life What is a vestigial structure? Any rudimentary structure of unknown or minimal function that is homologous to functioning structures in other species -are thought to formu late evolutionary history How do imperfect structures relate to the theory of evolution by Natural Selection?If evolution is true, then imperfect design is expected, because natural selection works to make an organism well-adapted, but not perfectly adapted, to their environment What is convergent evolution? Review the fish ichthyology example from class and the text. Process by which unrelated organisms separatistly learn similarities when adapting to similar environments. Starting about 200 million eld ago, these marine reptiles evolved body plans (and behavioral patterns) strikingly similar to those of odder dolphins and bluffing tuna (great example of convergent evolution) Be able to recognize disruptive, directional, stabilizing selection.Disruptive both extremes are favored, and the modal(a) phenotype is selected against relatively rare -maintains genetic variation -plays a role in speciation-the generation of new species Directional- one extreme is favored, and the avera ge phenotype (and the other extreme) is selected against -changes the average value of a trait Stabilizing- reduces genetic variation -the average phenotype is favored, and both extremes are selected against he average value of the trait does not change over time What is the difference between macroeconomics- Large-scale evolution occurring over geologic time that results in the formation of new taxonomic companys. ND microinstruction evolution resulting from small specific genetic changes that can lead to a new subspecies Hardy-Weinberg You will not be asked to do any Hardy-Weinberg calculations What is the basic tenet of the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem? When alleles are transmitted via meiosis and random combination of gametes, their frequencies do not change over time -for evolution to occur, some other actor or factors must come into play -if the frequencies of alleles AH and AH in a population are given by p and q, then the frequencies of genotypes AH AH , AH AH, and abdominal ao rtic aneurysm will be given by pa, ops, and sq for generation after generation What are the assumptions of the H-W Theorem? O natural selection -no genetic drift (no random allele frequency changes) -no gene prey via immigration or emigration -no mutation -random mating (with respect to the gene in question) pa -the predicted frequency of the offspring AH AH genotype* ops-the predicted frequency of the offspring AI genotype + sq -the predicted regency of the offspring AAA genotype= 1 what are the allele frequencies, what are the genotype frequencies in a non-evolving population? Frequency of dominant allele the frequency of the recessive allele frequency of AAA (homozygous dominant) ops= frequency of AAA (heterozygous) sq= frequency of AAA (homozygous recessive) How do you recognize a population not in H-W equilibrium? If it does not equal one Why would a population not be in H-W equilibrium? B/c changes would occur and that would not be realistic Species and speciation Review the Biological Species Concept. Cost widely accredited concept -defines species as a population or group whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature to produce viable, fruitful offspring Be able to differentiate between Predating/Precocity-individuals of different species are prevented from mating, Postdating/Precocity and Posthypnotic- when individuals from different populations do mate, but species will have low fitness or fitness or offspring will be sterile barriers. What are the predating-Factors which cause species to mate with their own kind (assertive mating) and postdating barriers-Genomic incompatibility, hybrid amiability or sterility What are posthypnotic barriers? What is a hybrid?Temporal isolation-populations are isolated because they breed at different times Habitat Isolation- populations are isolated because they breed in different habitats Behavioral Isolation- populations do not interbreed because their courtship displays differ Gamete s Barrier- mating fail because eggs and sperm are incompatible mechanically skillful Isolation- mating fail because male and female reproductive structures are incompatible Hybrid Viability- hybrid offspring do not develop normally and die as embryos Hybrid Sterility- hybrid offspring mature but are sterile as adults Hybrid-the offspring of parents from two different strains, populations, or species In very general terms what does the Biological Species Concept state about the nature of species? What are some of the problems with the Biological Species Concept? Tot applicable to asexual or fossil species difficult to assess if populations do not overlap geographically Be able to define the terms symmetric-occurs even though gene flow is possible is rare or nonexistent even though symmetric populations are not physically isolated, they may be isolated by preferences for different habitats and allophonic- begins with physical isolation via either dispersal or vicariate What is the ph ylogeny species concept? -based on reconstructing the evolutionary history of populations What is the morphological species concept? Identifies evolutionary independent lineages by differences in morphological features based on the idea that distinguishing features are to the highest degree likely to arise if populations are independent and isolated from gene flow The Fossil Record and Mass nonexistentions What are the different types of facsimiled materials?Thousandth Microfossils- first animals on Earth -include tiny sponges Dedicated faunas- -include sponges, jellyfish, and comb jellies as well as facsimiled burrows, tracks, and other traces from unidentified animals -small, have no shells, limbs, heads, mouths, or feeding appendages -sat immobile on the seafloor, or floated in the Water Burgess Shale Faunas- sponges, jellyfish, and comb jellies, arthropods, and mollusks -tremendous increase in the size and morphological complexity of animals occurred, accompanied by diversifi cation in how they made a living Fossil Intermediate- we can see the bridge between where we started and here we are now with these intermediate fossils How are rocks in fossils preserved?What are fossil intermediates? What was the Cambrian Explosion? When did it occur? About 563 million years ago What is a mass extinction? How many are there in the paleontologist record? Result from extraordinary, sudden, and temporary changes in the environment , 5 records What is the sixth mass extinction? The ongoing extinction of Earths creatures caused by humans What are some of the putative causes for the Permian mass extinction? When did it occur? What percentage of species went extinct? 0% 251 million years ago When was the KIT mass extinction? 65 million What is the evidence that points to an asteroid strike as the trigger of the arriviste extinction?Sedimentary rocks that formed at the KIT boundary contain very high amounts of iridium (rare on Earth, common in meteorites) -In Haiti, shoc ked quartz glass and micrometeorites are abundant in rock social classs from this time period -The huge crater off the coast of Mexico Yucatan Peninsula Review the timing and general acknowledgmentizations of the Paleozoic-saw the origin and sign diversification of the animals, land plants, and fungi, as well as the appearance of land animals, Pre-Cambrian-life was exclusively uni prison cellular for most Of Earths history -oxygen was virtually absent from the oceans and atmosphere for to the highest degree 2 billion years after the origin of life, Mesozoic- extinction of dinosaurs -in terrestrial environments of the Mesozoic, gymnosperms were the most important plants and dinosaurs were the most important vertebrates, Cenozoic-on land, angiosperms were the most important plants and mammals were the most important vertebrates and Cambrian Phylogeny How does the principle of parsimony apply to phylogeny reconstruction? Deer parsimony, the most likely explanation or pattern is th e one that implies the to the lowest degree amount of change -a computer studys the branching patterns that are theoretically possible and counts the number of changes in DNA sequences required to produce each pattern pay off the following terms contemporary-a trait found in certain groups of organisms that exists in no others -homologous trait (inherited from a common ancestor), Primitive A structure which is not exclusively shared only by all members of a group by virtue of descent from a common ancestor -cannot be used to extinguish between members of a group because all actually or ancestrally possess the Structure -Example Vertebrae are possessed by all birds but withal by all other vertebrates.Possession of vertebrae cannot be used to distinguish the birds from other batteries since all batteries including birds share that trait, ancestral-A trait shared by all members of a group through a common ancestor. , derived-A structure which IS exclusively shared ONLY by all membe rs of a group by virtue of descent from a common ancestor -Example Among vertebrates, feathers are possessed by all birds ND by NO OTHER VERTEBRATE -Possession of feathers CAN be used to didst dread the birds from other batteries since no batteries except birds share that trait.. Of the above which provide the only real evidence for relationship? Derived Trait How do you establish if a character is derived or ancestral (hint outgrip and ingrown)- Assume that the character in the outgrip is ancestral.Fifth character is different in the ingrown, then it is considered derived -To determine whether a character is ancestral or derived compare the character in the ingrown with that of the outgrip Define monopolistic-an evolutionary unit that includes an ancestral population and all of its descendants but no others (also called a clawed or lineage), paralytic-an evolutionary unit that includes an ancestral population and some but not all of its descendants -meaningful unit in evolution, p olytechnic-composed of unrelated organisms descended from more than one ancestor. Be able to recognize the above terms within the context of a phylogeny tree. Of the above terms which one is preferred? monopolistic group Which is most likely the reality of any group? Reparability group Prokaryote (study sections 28. And 28. 3) What feature has contributed significantly to bacterial diversity? Be able to differentiate been gram-positive- have cell walls composed of a thick layer of pedagogical -bacteria that look purple when treated with a gram strain and gram-negative-bacteria that look pink when treated with a gram stain bacteria have a cell wall composed of a thin layer of pedagogical and an outer phosphoric layer bacteria. Review bacterial metabolic diversity (heterodox-acquire carbon containing compounds from other organisms, lithograph-oxidize inorganic ions such as ammonia or methane to fuel cellular aspiration and so on What features distinguish Reach-no nuclear envelope -c ircular chromosome -all unicellular -flagella spin like bacterial flagella, but in a distinctive molecular composition have unique phosphoric in their plasma membranes, Bacteria-no nuclear envelope -have pedagogical in their cell walls -flagella spin like propeller -almost all unicellular and Eukaryote-nuclear envelope -flagella pleat back and forth? Are prokaryote monopolistic-yes, because there are two main lineages that diverged very early in the history of life Protests (study sections 29. 1 , 29. 2 and 29. ) What is the domain Eukaryote? What is the endometriosis origin of eukaryote who proposed it and what is the evidence supporting it?Mitochondria are most closely related to what group of bacteria to what group are chloroplasts most closely related? Do protests form a monopolistic group? What groups must be included? Land Plants (study sections 30. 1 and 30. 3) What group is most closely related to land plants? Green Algae What features were the main features that allowed plants to inhabit and subsequently diversify on land? Terrestrial habitats have more sunniness and more CA than aquatic habitats -Preventing water loss cuticle and stomata -upright growth and vascular tissue Review the general features of land plant phylogeny. What were the major features to evolve over the course of land plant history?

Sudan’s Economic Development

Development is something we do to make our way of spirit to a greater extent comfortable. If we were not to develop we would still be living in the depths of the jungle feeding on bugs and things. But we have developed to become a more intelligent and happier race. In developing we take things we have and sidestep them into things we can use and sell to help our current situation and in turn make our way of life better.The quality of life is very important. well-nigh factors may be measured but inputs such as personal happiness, a sense of well cosmos or self worth etc., be more difficult to measure because they are subjective. A study of phylogeny must contain both measurable objective and subjective aspects. The quality of life can be measured by new(prenominal) factors like infant mortality rate, life expectancy, literacy rate, GNP, and cosmos-growth rate.The quality of life is directly linked to the landed estate of development that a country is currently at. To be devel oped a country has to have at the very least the basic necessities covered for the human population, e.g. despoil water system and a wellness system. To be highly developed a country would have to be up with the cutting edge of technology and health care, plus have a estimable education status etc.This report will eventually draw up a conclusion of what state of development this country (Sudan) is at.Sudan is situated in Northeastern Africa, the largest country of the African continent. It is bounded on the north by Egypt on the east by the redness Sea and has Kenya, Uganda, DRC (formerly Zaire), Central African Republic, Chad and Libya.Sudan has a total area of 2,505,813 sq. km. Khartoum is the Capital City of Sudan. Sudan has a maximum length from north to south of more than 2250km the extreme width of the country is about1730km.Divided into three separate regions, ranging from desert which covers about 30% of all Sudan, through a vast semiarid region of steppes and low mounta ins in central Sudan, to a region of vast swamps and rain forest in the south. Major features of Sudan are the great Nile River and its head streams the White Nile and the down in the mouth Nile.Sudan has a tropical climate, Seasonal variations are most sharply defined in the desert zones, where winter temperatures as low as 4.4 degrees Celsius are common. spend temperatures much exceed 43.3 degrees Celsius in the desert zones, and rainfall is negligible. Dust storms frequently occur. In Khartoum the average annual temperature is about 26.7 degrees Celsius and annual rainfall which often occurs between mid-June and September, is about 254mm.The primary natural resources of Sudan are water. Supplied by the Nile River system, and fertile soil. Large areas of cultivable land are situated in the region between the Blue Nile and the White Nile. Small deposits of many minerals occur. The most important of which are chromium, copper and iron ore. Petroleum was also discovered in the lat e 1970s.The population of Sudan is composed mainly of Arabs in the north and black Africans in the south. Other ethnic groups in northern Sudan include the Beja, Jamala and Nubian peoples.About 58% of the economically alert people are engaged in agricultural or pastoral activities a quarter are employed in services and less than 10% in manufacturing and mining.Infant mortality rate indicates how many infants in every 1000 die soon after birth. Sudan has an infant morality rate of 77 in every 1000 live births. In developing countries the infant mortality rate is usually high and this lowers the overall life expectancy, along with primarily poor health among adults. Sudan has a trammel health system it provides various vaccinations for the population but lacks overall medical treatment.Sudan does not have a good life expectancy (52 years) this is probably due to the relatively poor health services. Only 48% of Sudans population have access to clean water and there are 11620 people per doctor.(Population projection graph Appendix A)(Sudan population pyramid Appendix B)Sudans economic situation is not all that great. gross domestic product/capita is only at $186 US, compared to other countries like Indonesia ($671), Togo ($559) and Costa Rica ($1774) Sudan needs to do a little work to get their GDP up. Sudan imports primary foodstuffs, petroleum products, manufacture goods, machinery and equipment, medicines and chemicals at a cost of 1.1billion dollars US annually. But they only export $535 one thousand million per annum in cotton (24%), livestock/meat (13%), gum Arabic (food analogue in printing material)(11%). This has put Sudan into an $18 billion dollar debt.The education status of Sudan is not very impressive either. An Adult literacy rate of 42.7% and only 52% of children in primary school the population doesnt get the education it requires to develop properly.About two thirds of Sudans population derives its living from crop horticulture or grazing, b ut only about 5% of the countries land is arable. Annual crop production in the early 1990s included sorghum, wheat, peanuts, dates, yams and pulses. Cotton is the pencil lead cash crop of Sudan it is produced in large amounts in the Al Jazirah region. The livestock population in the early 1990s included about 21.6 million cattle, 22.6 million sheep, 18.7 million goats and 35 million poultry.The constitution of 1973, establishing Sudan as a one-party presidential Republic, was suspended following a military coup in 1985. overt elections were held in 1986, but political activities in the court were banned after another military coup in 1989. After the 1985 coup a 15 member Transitional Military Council took control. In April 1986 the people elected members to a parliamentary assembly the leader of the bulk party became Prime Minister. This shows that the government up until 1985 the Sudanese government was unstable and needed reform.It is quite clear that Sudan is not a developed c ountry. This shows mainly in its economic factors, with the country being $18billion dollars in debt and having its exports much lower than its imports there doesnt seem to be much hope of Sudan getting into or anywhere near the black. Also the majority of the population works in agriculture and only a limited number of people work in the industries.The health system provides only limited support for the population. Over 11 000 people per doctor and 48% of the population with access to clean water, it is no surprise that the life expectancy is only 52 years.(Basic demographic Indicators Appendix C)Everyone knows that it takes money to make money and Sudan has a lot of its money channelled into the military. They could cut down on the army expenses and divide that money into other aspects like education, health and technology. Sudan can be an ally with neighbouring countries and trade goods they could combine their forces and become one force.

Cleopatra Essay

The 1963 scud presents extravagance, opulence. The hailumes worn were lavish and the scene entering Rome portrays not the decadence of her life style, but that of the film production. Furthermore, the 1963 film compared to the 1917 film which showed more hieroglyphics on the walls and columns which was the stereotypic view of ancient egyptian life. The budget of later adaptations would have been a factor. Nowadays television provides a much easier and cost effective form of production.The other considerations for the films and television programs over this period of time is the view of the female in the adult male as a whole. What difference do we see in the power of the woman Theda Bara at a time when females in the early 1900 were campaigning for the vote? When they were taking the main role in factories, and on land in all forms of manufacturing, during the two world wars. We then come to the first of what can be called the modern women with Elizabeth Taylor.It could be argued that she is how we imagine Cleopatra to be. When you enumerate at the dvd case and the book of reputations presented to us for the first assignment, are they not the eyes of Elizabeth Taylor? (AA100 Reputations Book). Then on to Xena in which we have a bootleg Cleopatra in the television adaptation, we see the female turn warrior but quiesce very feminine. (AA100 DVD). The view in the 1917 film I feel shows her as a dippy, demure and in some ways subservient female.As time moves on to the 1960 we see her as a stronger, forceful and intelligent being, but still plays the role to some extent of wife and mother in mid-20th century social club. The 21st century adaptation with Xena has had a great impact throughout the world on our view of Cleopatra. The use of television and the internet shows the power shift between male and females over the last 100 years in society shifting towards the female. In 1917 and 1963, Cleopatra appeared as a white Euro/American.Should she in fact have been played by somebody from Greece or North Africa? In end point to the comparison of Cleopatra over the the last 100 years on film and television, do we see her in a different light? With more information available it would be irresponsible not to take a more measured view of what we have learnt of her. She has changed from the dippy interpretation to the steely-eyed head of state.

Development of children Essay

The social and emotional development of a childs identity and self estimate develops from birth. In the first five years of a childs life , children elate how to interact with others, learn what is acceptable. Every child is unique and they all develope at their have got pace. Birth to 3 years- As a baby a child allow for overcome lots of obsticles such(prenominal) as hand to hand co-ordination, encyclopaedism to sit up and stand, learning to feed themselves, learning to put words together. Children learn to play alongside instead of with other children, they test behaviours as they learn what is right and wrong. They need lots of emotional support from their parents.Ages 3-6 years- At this age the children result have a short attention span, They are learning self awareness and imagination, what is socially acceptable behaviour and what is not. The child will start to develope more language and communication skills and they will be starting to assert their deliver identity. Age 7, They will be identifying feelings and emotions, identifying dangerous situations and who to go to for help. They will be learning to identify the difference amongst needs and indispensabilitys.Age 8, The child will be able to express emotions in appropriate ways i.e appreciation, anger. Calm themselves and control squiffy emotions. Eight year olds will be proud of the circumstance they are able to do many things on their own and will express a desire for privacy. At the same time they will as yet need guidence and support from their parents.They may compare themselves to their friends and peers.Ages 9-12 , Children should have good communication skills, i.e communication attending consideration and respect. Identify personal skills, recognise the difference between positive and negative friendships and understand the importance of family.Ages 12-16- this is a time where children reach sexual maturity and form an adult identity. During adolescence , physical changes in he ight and exercising weight are usually a noticable change. Mood swings are common due to the increase in hormones. Between 12 and 16, they begin to imagine the possibilities life holds and start to set personal goals.Influences which may affect development in children include--Stress-Negative experiences-Genetic illnesses, disorders and allergies-The childs background and where they may live-The influence of adults around the child-Religious social and economic factors.How ability adults within a enlighten setting encourage pupils to recognise and express thier own emotions? What are the possible signs and possible causes of emotional distress?Within school teachers can encourage children to recognise and express their emotions through role playing, art & design, drama, music, poatry and stories. These can provide an important opportunity for developing self confidence. An example of this is lap covering time sessions, these provide social and emotional learning. The class of pu pils sit in a dance band, exchanging ideas and feelings on different topics which are important to them . As they are sit down in a circle, there is no leader, they are all equal and all have the opportunity to speak. Pupils can bring their own ideas or concerns to the circle and offer encouragement to others. Most schools have a school council where pupils can take part in desicion making. Students can bring up school benefit issues or issues affecting the classroom.Possible causes of emotional distress--Problems at school, bullying or struggling with the work-Feeling left out and lonely, or having trouble making friends-Problems at home i.e parents not getting along and arguing. Maybe the parents have split up or the child has a new family member.-Death of a pet or relative-AbusePossible signs of emotional distress--Refusing to go to school-Difficulty learning-illness-Sad, frequent crying-Nightmare, difficulty sleeping-Moody and temper tantrums-Anxeity and panic attacks-Unable to concentrate-Unable to eatIn teenagers some other signs could include-Alcohol/drug abuse-Violence/thefts-Not looking after themselves or over-concern with thier appearence -Self harm.Task 7 , Describe your expected role in the care and support of Individual pupils.A teaching assistance would provide care & support by encouraging the child to concentrate on what has been asked of them. Some children will require more one on one attention to help them to understand. This could involve repeating and explaining instructions from the teacher in a more unprejudiced manner. Some pupils may need extra help finding thier way around the school and getting to class rooms on time. In junior children, assisting them in the bathroom, and helping them to get dressed.Helping disabled children with physical activities such as swimming or P.E. The teaching assistant may be unavoidable to support children outside of school too, such as educational visits. Good quality relationships between child ren and teachers are very important when providing support, whether the relationship is through a single lesson or over a number of lessons. To gain a good relationship the teaching assistant should use good communication skills, such as friendly body language, eye contact, listening and showing respect. Greet the children by name, even out of class. Show some interest in their interests. preserve their achievements and display their work.What possible problems may you encounter and briefly describe how you might deal with each case?Through day to day contact with pupils, cater have an important role to play in noticing indicators of possible problems, Such as peer pressure and internal group dynamics. This could result in misunderstandings, strong emotions and class disruptions.The teaching assistant should recognise uncharacteristic behaviour patterns in pupils and deal with any difficulities which could damage the relationship with the pupil.Some problems a teaching assistant m ay encounter could be a disruptive pupil questioning authority, unhappy with marks they have been given on there work. A pupil may be emotionally unstable and become aggressive towards the staff. Constant disruptions prevent other students from concentrating on their work. Teaching assistants should always act within the policies and codes of cover so they do not put themselves into situations that could lead to misunderstanding or accusations.When responding to these situations , the teaching assistant should remind the pupils of class room rules. The pupil may want to back track on what has been said. This should be honoured scarce remind the pupil that these disruptions will not be tolerated. If the problem is repeated the student should be removed from the classroom and the problem discussed with a supervisor. These incidents should be recorded.What is your role in responding to accidents and aliments?The teaching assistant does not have the sole responsibility for the safet y of pupils and staff but if an emergency should arise the teaching assitant will need to act fast- The teaching assistant should report any changes to a childs well-being to the teacher immediately. Alert the emmergency service if necessary and obtain medical equipment for the first aider. Reassure the pupil and make them comfortable. Comply with the schools policy about recording a childs health. -Once the situation is stable , the parents should be notified.List common childhood illnesses and briefly discribe how you would recognise the symptoms of those illnesses in the children that you support

Gulliver’s Travels Essay

When Blackadder and Prince George are faced with dilemma of bribing an MP to vote in the princes favour they provide us with a description of a portion of parliament called Sir Talbot Buxomly who is corrupt, cruel, ineffectual and open to bribes. According to Blackadder he is a perfect candidate to become a High Court Judge and fifty-fifty Prince George thinks he is a little over qualified. Blackadder Sir Talbot has the worst attendance record of any Member of Parliamentbut if we can get him to nurse us, were safe hes a violent, bigoted, mindless old fool The use of satire here suggests that the high court judge isnt necessarily as honest as you would expect a person with that much power to be. A comparison with this is Swifts description of the emperor moth in chapter two. He describes how he is expensively dressed. He had on his head a light helmet of gold, adorned with jewels, and a plume on the crest. Swift compares him to the pompons King George the first.He was king of Engla nd but was brought over from Germany and did not speak the language. When the Emperor speaks at Gulliver he cannot understand a word and this is his bribe at the king. Like Sir Talbot Buxomly, the Emperor is useless and incompetent. When it comes to the actual election, Blackadder confesses that they will cheat in order to win votes. He is not alone in this outlook as one of his opponents, Pitt the even so Younger confesses what he did in order to be a decent pol bad mouthed the opposition. Bribed the newspapers. Threatened to torture the public if his party lost. Once once again driving home the point that the politicians will do anything within their power to get a seat in parliament. You can tell that cheating is sure enough not beneath them when Pitt the Even Younger told what was a decent politician is in his opinion. I fail to see what more a decent politician could have done Similar examples of satire, which criticise politics and the government are also found in Gulliv ers Travels.In Lilliput anybody who jumps over the highest rope gets a position in court and how candidates jump over and creep under a stick held at various heights win the silken thread which show the kings favourite. Just like in Blackadder getting a job in the court in lilliput is not to down how good you would be at the job but is down to how much you can creep, crawl and pander to the king. Whoever performs his part with the most agility and hold out the largest in creeping and crawling, is rewarded

Acct Stuff Essay

CASE 5 Evidence1. For to each one of the following peculiar(prenominal) audit procedures, indicate the type of audit procedure it represents (1) inspection of records or documents, (2) inspection of tangible assets, (3) observation, (4) inquiry, (5) confirmation, (6) recalculation, (7) reperformance, (8) analytical procedures, and (9) scanning. a. Sending a written request to the leaf nodes customers requesting that they report the amount owed to the client. a. Confirmationi. globe trying to determine if A/R is overstated. b. Examining large sales invoices for a period of two eld before and after year-end to determine if sales are recorded in the proper period. b. oversight of document/recordsii. Cutoff make sure sales are recorded in proper period. c. Agreeing the original of the accounts receivable subsidiary ledger to the accounts receivable general ledger account. c. Reperformance-does total agree?iii. completenessd. Discussing the adequacy of the wages for doubtful acco unts with the credit manager. d. Inquiryiv. Valuation and allocatione. Comparing the current-year common profit percentage with the gross profit percentage for the last four years. e. Analytical proceduresv. Valuation and allocationf. Examining a new charge card extrusion machine to ensure that this major acquisition was received. f. Inspection of tangible assetsvi. existenceg. Watching the clients store personnel count the raw materials inventory. g. Observationvii. Existence/completenessh. Performing test counts of the warehouse personnels count of the raw material. h. Reperformanceviii. Valuation and allocationi. Obtaining a letter from the clients attorney indicating that there were no lawsuits in progress against the client. i. Confirmationix. Existence/valuation and allocationj. tincture the prices used by the clients billing program for pricing sales invoices to the clients approved price list. j. Inspection of documentsx. accuracyk. Reviewing the general ledger for unusua l adjusting entries. k. Scanningxi. Valuation and allocation.2. For each of the audit procedures listed in 1 above, identify the primary assertion being tested.

Smu I Sem Stat Assignments Set 2

rMBA SEMESTER 1 MB0040 STATISTICS FOR MANAGEMENT- 4 Credits (Book ID B1129) Assignment Set- 1 (60 Marks) differentiate Each question carries 10 Marks. Answer all the questions 1. What do you imply by Statistical value? Differentiate among Questionnaire and Schedule. ANS Definition of statistical work A Statistical survey is a scientific process of cacheion and analysis of numerical info. Statistical surveys be go ford to collect numerical information about units in a population. aspects involve asking questions to individuals. Surveys of human populations are putting green in government, health, social science and marketing sectors.Stages of Statistical Survey Statistical surveys are categorized into cardinal stages planning and execution. The ii broad stages of Statistical survey AS FOLLOWS pic Planning a Statistical Survey The relevance and accuracy of data obtained in a survey depends upon the care exercised in planning. A justly planned investigating can lead to best results with least cost and time. Steps involved in the planning stage are as follows Step 1 Nature of the problem to be investigated should be clearly defined in an unambiguous manner. Step 2 Objectives of the investigation should be stated at the outset.Objectives could be to Obtain certain estimates Establish a theory Verify an existing statement chance upon relationship between characteristics Step 3 The scope of the investigation has to be made clear. The scope of investigation refers to the welkin to be covered, identification of units to be studied, nature of characteristics to be observed, accuracy of measurements, analytical methods, time, cost and another(prenominal) resources required. Step 4 Whether to use data collected from primary or secondary source should be determined in advance.Step 5 the organization of investigation is the final look in the process. It encompasses the determination of the add together of investigators required, their training, supe rvision work needed, funds required. Execution of Statistical survey Control methods should be adopted at every stage of carrying out the investigation to check the accuracy, coverage, methods of measurements, analysis and interpretation. The collected data should be edited, classified, tabulated and presented in diagrams and graphs. The data should be carefully and systematically analysed and interpreted.Differentiate between Questionnaire and Schedule Questionnaires contain simple questions and are alter by respondents. Schedules also contain questions entirely responses are recorded directly by the investigator. 2. The table shows the data of Expenditure of a family on food, clothing, education, rent and other items. Depict the data shown in the table utilise Pie chart. Items Expenditure Food 4300 Clothing 1200 Education 700 Rent 2000 Others 600 ANS pic Fig Pie-chart showing expenditure of a family on various items 3. Average weight of coulomb screws in street corner A is 10. 4 gms. It is immix with one hundred fifty screws of box B. Average weight of mixed screws is 10. 9 gms. Find the average weight of screws of box B. ANS GIVEN THAT n1= deoxycytidine monophosphate, n2 = 150, X1 = 10. 4 Gms, pic= 10. 9 Gms, X2 =? WE KNOW THAT pic 10. 9 = ( one hundred*10. 4) + (150 X2) / 100+150 10. 9 = 1040 + 150 X2 / 250 0. 9*250 = 1040 + 150 X2 2725 = 1040 + 150 X2 150 = 2725-1040 X2 =1685 / 150 X2 = 11. 23 Gms Therefore, the average weight of screws of box B is 11. 23 gms. 4. (a) Discuss the rules of Probability. (b) What is meant by Conditional Probability? ANS 1. Addition rule The gain rule of fortune states that i) If A and B are any two events thence the luck of the detail of all A or B is precondition by pic ii) If A and B are two mutually exclusive events then the probability of item of either A or B is habituated by pic ii) If A, B and C are any three events then the probability of occurrence of either A or B or C is given by pic In te rms of Venn diagram, from the head 5. 4, we can calculate the probability of occurrence of either event A or event B, given that event A and event B are dependent events. From the figure 5. 5, we can calculate the probability of occurrence of either A or B, given that, events A and B are independent events. From the figure 5. 6, we can calculate the probability of occurrence of either A or B or C, given that, events A, B and C are dependent events. pic iv) If A1, A2, A3, An are n mutually exclusive and exhaustive events then the probability of occurrence of at least one of them is given by pic 2. Multiplication rule If A and B are two independent events then the probability of occurrence of A and B is given by pic Conditional Probability Sometimes we wish to live the probability that the price of a particular petroleum product will rise, given that the finance subgenus Pastor has increased the petrol price. Such probabilities are known as conditional probabilities.Thus the condit ional probability of occurrence of an event A given that the event B has already occurred is denoted by P (A / B). Here, A and B are dependent events. Therefore, we be in possession of the following rules. If A and B are dependent events, then the probability of occurrence of A and B is given by pic It follows that pic For any bivariate distribution, there exists two bare(a) distributions and m + n conditional distributions, where m and n are the number of classifications/characteristics studied on two variables. 5. (a) What is meant by supposal Testing?Give Examples (b) Differentiate between pillowcase-I and event-II Errors ANS possibility Testing hypothesis interrogatory is about making inferences about a population from only a small sample. The rear end line in hypothesis footraceing is when we ask ourselves (and then decide) whether a population, like we think this one, would be likely to produce a sample like the one we are looking at. Testing Hypothesis In hypothesi s testing, we must state the assumed or hypothesised value of the population parameter forwards we begin sampling. The assumption we wish to test is called the unsubstantial hypothesis and is symbolised by ?Ho. The term invalid hypothesis arises from earlier agricultural and medical applications of statistics. In order to test the effectiveness of a smart fertiliser or drug, the tested hypothesis (the null hypothesis) was that it had no effect, that is, there was no difference between treated and untreated samples. If we use a hypothesised value of a population mean in a problem, we would represent it symbolically as ? H0. This is read The hypothesized value of the population mean. If our sample results fail to support the null hypothesis, we must conclude that something else is true.Whenever we resist the hypothesis, the conclusion we do accept is called the alternative hypothesis and is symbolised H1 (H sub-one). translation the direct of substance The purpose of hypothes is testing is not to question the computed value of the sample statistic but to make a judgment about the difference between that sample statistic and hypothesised population parameter. The next step after stating the null and alternative hypotheses is to decide what criterion to be used for deciding whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis.If we assume the hypothesis is correct, then the meaning level will indicate the pct of sample means that is outside certain limits (In estimation, the confidence level indicates the percentage of sample means that water determine within the defined confidence limits). Hypotheses are accepted and not proved Even if our sample statistic does fall in the non-shaded region (the region shown in below figure that makes up 95 percent of the area under the curve), this does not prove that our null hypothesis (H0) is true it simply does not provide statistical evidence to reject it.Why? It is because the only way in which the hypothesis can be acc epted with proof is for us to know the population parameter unfortunately, this is not possible. Therefore, whenever we say that we accept the null hypothesis, we actually mean that there is not sufficient statistical evidence to reject it. Use of the term accept, instead of do not reject, has become standard. It means that when sample data do not cause us to reject a null hypothesis, we behave as if that hypothesis is true. pic fig Acceptance and rejection region of sampleSelecting a importation Level There is no single standard or universal level of significance for testing hypotheses. In some instances, a 5% level of significance is used. In the published results of research papers, researchers lots test hypotheses at the 1 percent level of significance. Hence, it is possible to test a hypothesis at any level of significance. But remember that our choice of the minimum standard for an acceptable probability, or the significance level, is also the risk we assume of rejecting a null hypothesis when it is true.The higher the significance level we use for testing a hypothesis, the higher the probability of rejecting a null hypothesis when it is true. 5% level of significance implies we are ready to reject a true hypothesis in 5% of cases. If the significance level is high then we would rarely accept the null hypothesis when it is not true but, at the alike time, often reject it when it is true. When testing a hypothesis we come across four possible situations. The in a higher place figure shows the four possible situations. pic Table Possible situations when testing a hypothesisThe combinations are 1. If the hypothesis is true, and the test result accepts it, then we have made a right conclusiveness. 2. If hypothesis is true, and the test result rejects it, then we have made a wrong decision ( grammatical case I mistake). It is also known as Consumer? s Risk, denoted by ?. 3. If hypothesis is false, and the test result accepts it, then we have made a wro ng decision (Type II error). It is known as producer? s risk, denoted by ? 1 P is called power of the Test. 4. Hypothesis is false, test result rejects it we have made a right decision. Type-I and Type-II Errors Suppose that making a Type I error (rejecting a null hypothesis when it is true) involves the time and trouble of reworking a batch of chemicals that should have been accepted. At the same time, making a Type II error (accepting a null hypothesis when it is false) means pickings a chance that an entire group of users of this chemical compound will be poisoned. Obviously, the management of this company will prefer a Type I error to a Type II error and, as a result, will set very high levels of significance in its testing to get low . Suppose, on the other hand, that making a Type I error involves disassembling an entire engine at the factory, but making a Type II error involves relatively inexpensive warranty repairs by the dealers. Then the manufacturer is more likely to prefer a Type II error and will set lower significance levels in its testing. 6. From the following table, calculate Laspyres major power matter, Paasches Index Number, Fisher? s bell Index Number and Dorbish & Bowley? s Index Number taking 2008 as the base year. commodity 2008 2009 Price (Rs) per Kg Quantity in Kg Price (Rs) per Kg Quantity in Kg A 6 50 10 56 B 2 100 2 120 C 4 60 6 60 D 10 30 12 24 E 8 40 12 36 Sol Commodity 2008 2009 P0 Q0 P1 Q1 P1Q0 P1Q1 P0Q0 P0Q1 A 6 50 10 56 500 560 300 336 B 2 100 2 120 200 240 200 240 C 4 60 6 60 360 360 240 240 D 10 30 12 24 360 288 300 240 E 8 40 12 36 480 432 320 288 1900 1880 1360 1344 ? P1Q0=1900 ? P1Q1= ? P0Q0= ?P0Q1= 1880 1360 1344 (A) Laspyres Index Number =? P1Q0 / ? P1Q1 x 100 =1900 / 1880 x 100 = 1. 0106 x 100 = 101. 06 Ans. (B) Paasches Index Number =? P1Q1 / ? P0Q1 x 100 =1880 /1344 x 100 =1. 3988 x 100 =138. 88 Ans. (C) Fishers Price Index Number = ? P1Q0 x ? P1Q1 / ? P0Q0 x ? P0Q1 X 1 00 = 1900 x 1880 / 1360 x 1344 X 100 = 1. 9542 x 100 = 1. 3979 x 100 = 139. 79 Ans. (D) Dorbish & Bowley? s Index Number = ? P1Q0 / ? P0Q0 + ? P1Q1 / ? P0Q1 x 100 = 1900 / 1360 + 1880 / 1344 x 100 = 2. 795 x 100 = 1. 6718 x 100 = 167. 18 Ans. pic

Issues of Corrections Essay

restore down a deeper look into corrections, it seems like a tightly held ship. Yet, the people, funding, and politics are what save up it trialning. From the judges who drop dead down the sentence, to the officers themselves who deal with the inmates on a daily basis.Corrections were not al trends held in the appearance they are today, it is something that shape shifted throughout the centuries. It wasnt all rehabilitation and reform, it was more mocking in the townspeople square, torture and death sentence. In a quote from (Ch. 2.5 Punishment in the 20th century). In fact, investigations from the later on-hours 19th to the early 20th century consistently found excessive corporal punishment and widespread corruption in prisons across a number of farmings. Punishments such as hanging by the thumbs whippings beatings wet tortures solitary confinement in cramped, dark dungeons and starvation diets of bread and water were commonplace. These punishments and general prison con ditions harkened fanny to the cruelty of the pre-prison days in medieval society. (Stojkovia & Lovell, 2013).The age of reform were s attend to to be during the first devil decades of the 20th century, the progressive era brought an end to corporal punishment. Classification, normalization, education and vocational training were all universe used within the corrections system. They started to, in a sense treat the prisoners like actual kind-hearted beings.By the 80s the quarter tough movement came in, which was more of a punitive go about to corrections than a reconstructive one. The gangs were coming into focus, creating destruction where ever they wanted to. They were growing by the dozens, displace in young teens, claiming to be their family. They were responsible for murder, robbery, sexual assault and drugpossession and sailing. With this get tough, and iii strikes youre out law, the prisons began to everywhere crowd.With a quote from (Get-tough military capability n ot helping Ohio prison population). Advocates represent that adopting these policies result allow the state to roll back its prison population to where it was in 2007. If that happens, they estimate the state will save $62 million in corrections costs over four years. Ohio ineluctably to abandon the expensive fiction that locking up wrongdoers indiscriminately makes us safer. It assumes to end the revolving-door system that imprisons low-level criminals briefly, then puts them back on the street without give-and-take or supervision. It needs to develop ordered probation policies. (The Toledo Blade, 2011).Huge amounts of funding go in to every prison, but what about the people? The warden, the officers, medical round, and healer have to supply a key functional facility. Most of the inmates are murders, yet the staff must(prenominal) treat them with respect and give them their rights. The have to keep the environment safe for themselves and other inmates. Lets not forget the probation officers as well, they must keep on top of their cases as well.When trying to keep someone from entry prison or re-enter society after doing date, these people have a tough job. In this quote from the (American correctional Association). We cannot truly expect to have any control of a solution if we do not accept responsibility for the problem. Corrections professionals have begun to embrace that concept. Although we understand that wrongdoers must head responsibility for their lives, we also understand that we can no longer just shrug our shoulders at their failures.The people that come out of our prisons, jails, community programs and out from under our supervision are our product, and we have to take some responsibility for the quality of that product. This philosophy, as much as anything, has helped change the way we do what we do. It has given up us the motivation to succeed at what we do, sometimes in spite of the offenders. (ACA, ND).Not only do they want t o run a tight ship they see the prisoners as a product of their work. They must do the best they can, go above and beyondthe correctional and political approach, and be there for the inmates in every way possible. This is a very large stretch since about 85% of Americas prisons are over populated and understaffed. Funding comes from the tax payers, so the warden and everyone else on the correctional board must decipher how to get over the money, and which keys elements to invest in.In (Ch. 6.3 Management Issues for Administrators). Consider the development of a policy, such as the organizations budget, the resultant of a set of finalitys concerning the allocation of its financial resources. Inside the organization, in its internal environment, everyone will be affected, and many will take an interest in attempting to influence the budget decision process. (Stojkovic & Lovell, 2013).Why is it so important to keep a tightly ran ship? Because believe it or not prisoners have rights. numerous may disagree and say they do not deserve this, they forfeit their rights once they made the decision to do whatever got them in trouble. Yes they deserve to have certain privileges taken away, but also need to be treated as a human being with potential mental problems.Even though they are detained, every American citizen has a right to the constitutional laws. Habeas Corpus, Due Process, and cultured rights. In (Ch. 3.1 Correctional Law Fundamental Concerns). It high lights these rights, Prior to being entitled to either payable process or substantive rights, prisoners had to be given legal status and access to the courts. So long as prisoners were considered slaves of the state, they could not enjoy any right to due process, let alone any substantive rights. This premise was initially stated in the case of Ruffin v. Commonwealth (1872). (Stojkovic & Lovell, 2013).Due process, The second basic concern of significance to prisoners is that of due process.The Fifth and Four teenth Amendments to the Constitution prohibit government from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, even after these persons have been convicted of crimes (Pelegrin & Braby, 1999, p. 2). (Stojkovic & Lovell, 2013).Civil Rights, Civil rights are guaranteed by the Constitution and the supporting federal legislation. Among other civil rights, inmates have rights such as these to be free from sexual crimes, including sexual harassment to have adequate medical and mental health care to complain about prison conditions and voice concerns about the treatment received and, in the case of prisoners with disabilities, to assert claims under the Americans with Disabilities Act (Findlaw, 2012). (Stojkovic & Lovell, 2013).The warden and officers cannot just throw someone in a cell, and not give them adequate care. If a prisoner feels their rights have been neglected, the officers must take a statement from them, or give them the information of who to repo rt the matter to. If the inmate has any medical issues such as asthma or diabetes, they must routine medical checkups.Once a prisoner has make their time, or is be quiet to finishing, the prison must get them ready for re-entering society. This is no easy step, it takes many classes and charge sessions. These inmates have to adapt to the outside world all over again, they must find a job, and manoeuvre themselves in a respectful law abiding manner.This is where the prison takes on a more rehabilitative role rather than a purely punitive one. Some inmates may need more than others, everyone is different. The staff must be trained, have all the supplys needed, and must also be pre-pared to tolerate themselves if need be. Probation officer especially must be extremely careful, can you imagine the intensity they must feel when they must meet with some purely disturbed and violent people being anaesthetized. Do they feel threatened or scared for their own life if the person does no t comply, and must go back?Many say that probation is a waste of time, yet it does have its uses. When jails are overcrowding, this is a way to reduce it, and also much cheaper than actually housing a prisoner. In (Ch. 8.1 Defining Probation). Conceptually, the term probation refers to the release to the community of a person convicted of a crime so long as there is obligingness with certain conditions of good behavior under the supervision of a probation officer(Statsky, 1985, p. 604 Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2011). Probation is considered a community sentence. The probationer, the person on probation, is kept in the community and placed under certain restrictions, monitored by a community corrections agent, who is typically referred to as a probation agent. In practice, probation may closely gibe this definition, or may depart from it to a rather significant extent. (Stojkovic & Lovell, 2013).It is not meant for everyone, and many abuse the ascertain that they are given, bu t it is good for the people who really deserve it, some people need a wakeup call in life, and sometimes probation is it. In an Article called (A Review of probation Home Visit What do we cut?). HOME VISITS ARE an important yet understudied component of probation. Historically a cornerstone of probation (Lindner, 1992a), home visits forget an opportunity for probation officers to have quality contact with a client in his or her personal environment. This fount of less formal interaction between offenders and their assigned officers serves not only to monitor behavior and meekness with the case plan but also to provide often-needed direction towards treatment and social services.Furthermore, though time consuming (see DeMichele, 2007), these visits allow the probation officer additional opportunities to act as a positive role mock up (see Braswell, 1989). Although home visits are seen as a critical tool employed by probation officers, recent establish demonstrates that home vis its are rarely conducted (see Jalbert, Rhodes, Flygare, & Kane, 2010), even for high-risk offenders who might benefit from them the most. (Ahlin, Lobo, Joao, & Carbone, 2013).There also, home supervise system, ankle bracelets and alcohol censors. The technology that has expanded the alternatives to jail are widely used now. With these on the offender may not leave their house, unless for school or work. If it is a violation involving alcohol, then the sensor will know when the person has been drinking and alert the police. Is this rehabilitative, or is it just putting a band aid on the situation?Community corrections is another alternative, it brings the offender out into society, doing community service. Basically the offender is working offtheir fines or other lesser sentence. It is hard work that will hopefully reconstitute the offender in some ways. Court ordered therapy and drug court, is another alternative. The person must piss in a cup every week or else back to jail. Grou p home for juveniles or others offenders that are being released and have no appropriate residence may go into these tightly run homes. They must adhere to the group homes rules and regulations or they are out on the street.I will close out with my own personal alternative, religion plays a key role in someones life. Get the inmates in touch with their local, Priest, Pastor, Rabbi and watch it, albeit slowly turn these offenders around. My church currently helps those recently released get back into society, by showing no judgment for their crimes, they say hey we are going to help you get past the mistakes and live a better life, with go in your life all things are possible. whatsoever religion, it is a positive influence that many of these offenders probably never had.ReferencesAhlin, Eileen, Atunes, Joao, & Carbone, (2013). A Review of Probation Home Visits What do We Know? Federal probation, 000149128, Vol. 77, Issue 3. American Correctional Association,. (2006). The Evolution of Correctional Programs Southeastern Correctional Institution, Ohio. NewsBank,. (2011). Get-tough stance not helping Ohio prison population. Vera Institute of Justice,. (2013). The Potential of Community Corrections to Improve Safety and clip Incarceration. Stojkovic, S., & Lovell, R. (2013). Corrections An Introduction. San Diego, CA Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

A Comparative Study of Human Resource Practices and Job Satisfaction in Public Healthcare Organisations in United Kingdom and Pakistan

Identification of important issues that determine line of reasoning bliss of nurse may allow managers to develop strategies to increase ruminate propitiation treat cater. The caper of the current quantitative look for was to examine and comp are the nurses traffic felicity at unexclusive health care make-ups in U.K. and Pakistan.The purpose of the current believe was to determine whether there were differences between factors and level of job blessedness among nurses at two hospitals. The current quantitative research data were collected by using the top executive Work Satisfaction (IWS) questionnaires (Stamps 1997). The sample for the current research was nurses who were employed in NHS and PIMS hospitals.For this study, a survey depart be utilized as the primary method of acquiring the research data. The questionnaire will be comprised of closed-ended questions to specify an accurate and complete data.The sample will consist of 53 employees from public healthcar e service providers in United Kingdom and Pakistan. The sample of employees will be chosen randomly, however, the research will attempt to add a wide range of individuals.The findings revealed that nurses are dissatisfied with the amount of paper work required, deficiency of snip to deliver tonus care, administration who are perceived to be out of touch with daily problems, and lack of involvement in polity decision making. Different components that influence job gaiety between NHS and PIMS nurses were as easy telled.NHS nurses reported twice as many dissatisfiers than PIMS nurses. The overall job satisfaction indicated that work satisfaction on both the NHS and PIMS hospitals is fairly low, according to Index of Work Satisfaction. However, PIMS has a higher level of job satisfaction than NHS.There is no better time than the present to analyse job satisfaction among professional nurses, especially those works in specialised units in hospitals, because of the changes and bo oby hatch occurring in the current environment.Numerous factors harbor affected the profession of nurse over the last five years. The driving force behind these factors is the economicals of health care. The rising price of health care has caused hospitals and other healthcare agencies to restructure their nursing care delivery systems.Simultaneously, technological advances have necessitated more than sophisticated and complex care, acuity of patients has risen, and the length of stay in acute care facilities has dramatically been reduced (Murphy, Roch, Pepicello, & Murphy 1997).Past studies of job satisfaction among professional nurses have demonstrated relationships among satisfaction and positive and disconfirming behaviours. High satisfaction is associated with positive behaviours such as high productivity, teamwork, and high morale, while low satisfaction is associated with negative behaviours such as absenteeism, high turnover rates, and conflict among employees (Bouman s & Landerweerd 1994).Job satisfaction encompasses not only the workers rendering to the organisation, but also what their work means to them and ways in which they and the organisation might adapt to their exigencys. confine managers need to assess the satisfaction of their employees, not to wee a sense of work satisfaction, but to gain knowledge that can be used to economic aid them and the organisation to create more meaningful and more satisfying jobs (Stamps 1997).The issue of job satisfaction has become more important to both employers of nurses and nurse employees since the base of health care elucidate and changes in the delivery of nursing care that have caused frustration and chaos among the staff nurses who are delivering the care to the patients.Managed care has changed the health care environment by putting economic constraints on hospitals. This has affected the nursing profession because the third party payers are dictating how nurses deliver care (Moore 1997). With the restructuring of nursing care delivery systems, nurses are working with different staff mixes and different staffing levels. With the increased use of unlicenced personnel, nurses have greater supervisory requirements to ensure quality care (Moore 1997).Many professional nurses have not been well prepared to manage their increasing supervisory responsibilities in the current healthcare environment. When employees are ill fit for their jobs, dissatisfaction and ultimately negative behaviours result (Murphy et al. 1997).A study conducted by Shindul-Rothschild and Duffy, (1996) looked at nurses views on health care reform and the practice of nursing. She found that nurses who experienced restructuring, downsizing, and the increased use of unlicensed personnel express concerns with decreased quality of nursing care. These nurses are required to do more with fewer resources so they cannot accomplish all the tasks and supervision that they are required to do.The nurses report they are taking care of more complex patients due to the serious-mindedness of their illnesses, but they have less time to practice nursing due the increased supervisory responsibilities. Thus, they report it has become difficult to provide high quality care to patients with the resources available and this is decreasing their job satisfaction (Corey-Lisle, Tarzian, Cohen, & Trinkoff 1999).The supply and demand of professional nurses has frequently been out of balance. According to Brewer (1997) when there is a nursing shortage, nurses are required to work long hours with an insufficient function of staff, ultimately leading to burnout and job dissatisfaction.She predicted that with the fervour of the health care environment, another nursing shortage would occur in the near future (Brewer 1997). deprecative care units have a particularly difficult time recruiting and retaining nurses in such times to replete their positions.Job satisfaction may vary depending on work poses. Th ere has been no research comparing job satisfaction between developed and undeveloped countries public healthcare providers.UK nurses have lower patient to staff ratios, fewer unlicensed personnel, no licensed practical nurses, and rely on modern technology equal hemodynamic monitoring to help monitor patients. Pakistani nurses must supervise more licensed practical nurses and unlicensed personnel, lack hemodynamic monitoring assistance, and have a larger publication of patients per staff member.Job satisfaction has incredible importation to the health care system. When employees are satisfied, productivity and morale increase. When employees are dissatisfied, employers encounter negative behaviours. Employees may square off to leave, morale and productivity decrease, absenteeism and tardiness increase, and conflict is more prevalent (Williams 1990).All of these factors have considerable implication for organisations. Low quality, absenteeism and the need to retrain and orient n ew employees add significant issues to organisations. Even more important are the cause these behaviours can have on patient outcomes. If the morale and productivity levels are low and stress levels are high, an increase in patient and staff injuries is likely (Wunderlich et al., 1996).Nurse administrators and managers need to be aware of job satisfaction because of its impact on morale, budget, productivity, and staff and patient injuries. Nurse administrators and managers can be proactive and develop strategies to assist in increasing job satisfaction among nurses. Nurse managers on specialty units need to assess job satisfaction closely because of the added difficulty recruiting and retaining qualified professional nurses for these units.Public Healthcare Organisations within UK and Pakistan The government organisations namely as National Health Service in UK and Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences in Pakistan, are the subjects of this dissertation. The part of study was fou nd in the PIMS, which is one of the largest health public organisations in Pakistan. There were three main reasons for selecting this organisation for the study1) Like several other large health public organisations (in Pakistan), PIMS has a well define organisational structure comprised of a voluntary advisory board, paid employees and community based volunteers. Also, its general vision almost the health care delivery, staffing pattern and range of salary, benefits and employee development activities are similar to other health public organisations. Hence, the lessons learnt from this organisation could be applied to other health public organisations.2) PIMS started providing community based primary health care operate from mid 1980s. In a short period, it showed a significant improvement in health indicators in northern areas and its outline of community participation in program planning and murder became a model for other public organisations as well as private.Several publ ic organisations adapted PIMS strategy either fully or in part. Based on the lessons learnt from PIMS, the government decided to include its school of thought of community involvement in health care delivery in its national health policy and also invited PIMS to help the government health department in replicating its strategy in the government setting (PIMS, 2007).PIMS strategic direction and operational approaches have become a model for many other organisations working in the health sector in Pakistan. Thus, it was expected that the lessons learnt from this study in the PIMS would receive due forethought by other public organisations as well as the government sector, resulting in wider acceptability and benefit.3) PIMS neat interest in improving its performance further by conducting organisational research was also one of the reasons for selecting it as a study site. In this regard, a research agenda developed in consultation with the PIMS elderberry bush staff members was sh ared with the investigator before conceptualisation of this study.Based on the mutual need and the interest of PIMS and the investigator, the research topic was finalised. Considering PIMS serious interest in the topic it was expected that the research findings will be utilised by the organisation to develop better human resource management policies resulting in more effective use of their resources and effective health care delivery to the communities in its program areas.Health Sector in PakistanPakistan a low-income country (http//www.worldbank.org.pk). The rural-urban division is sharp, as are the disparities between the rich and poor. According to the National Human maturation Report (http//www.un.org.pk), almost one third of the people of Pakistan, mainly in rural areas, live below the official poverty line (income of less than US dollar a day per household).Inadequate social go and the high rate of population growth perpetuate poverty and the unequal distribution of wealth (http//www.oxfam.org.uk). The socio-economic indicators are worse than most of the countries in South Asia. United Nations Human Development Index (http//www.unfpa.org) puts Pakistan at number 142 (out of 177).Each year the Pakistani government (federal and provincial combined) spends around GBP 5.0 per capita on education and GBP 2,5 per capita on health (2001 figures based on average exchange rate for GBP).Compared to this, the national expenditure on health per capita is around GBP 9.0, indicating a huge role of private and other health care providers (mainly NGOs), which cover around 76% of the occur per capita health care expenditure (http//www.emro.who.int).There are not enough schools, health facilities or houses. The average number of people living in a house is seven and half the population live in one-room housing units, with inadequate basic utilities, such as water, sanitation and electricity. Access to education and health services is limited, especially in the rural areas, and women and girls are at a particular disadvantage (http//www.oxfam.org.uk).