Social Psychology Midterm Exam Summer 2015 - 4074 Words

University of Houston-Clear Lake Advanced Social Psychology Midterm Exam Summer 2015 Ruben DeLeon University of Houston-Clear Lake As described by Myers, â€Å"schema† is a very important concept in social cognition. How does the â€Å"power of perception† or â€Å"self-fulfilling prophecy† play a positive or negative role in our everyday life? Provide an example of the fundamental attribution error, and be sure to explain why the error is considered â€Å"fundamental.† Describe the strengths and the weaknesses of both controlled and automatic processing. Explain how journalists can fall prey to cognitive bias in news-making. A self-fulfilling prophesy in social psychology is when a perceiver holds a false belief about a target. This false belief starts a chain of events that eventually causes the targets to exhibit the behavior that the perceiver expected, thereby causing the perceiver’s original false beliefs to become true. Snyder et al (1977) state that â€Å"the events in the social world may be as much the effects of our perception of those events as they are the causes of those perceptions.† In other words, we may influence people to behave a certain way based on how we view them. When we have strong beliefs about a certain ethnicity and/or gender we may treat them a certain way before even getting to know them which will influence the way they in turn interact with us. An example, is the way the men in the study interacted differently with the women based on whether they assumed

Animal Testing Should Not Be Banned - 1686 Words

Animal rights is the idea that all animals are entitled to the possession of their own lives and that they are entitled to their most basic needs. The topic of animals rights has been discussed in occurrences of illegal hunting, domestic animal abuse, and testing on animals for any purposes. There are a vast variety of reasons for why to test on animals, whether they be cosmetic or scientific. The most argumentative topic regarding animal testing is medical testing. The community that complies with medical animal testing does so because testing on animals for medical reasons helps researchers find drugs and treatments, proves the safety of products, and it is regulated. Those who protest testing on animals argue that it is expensive,†¦show more content†¦Other scientists seeing this knowledgeable man use animal testing made it okay for others to follow his footsteps and test on animals as well. Opposition to animal testing, mainly animal vivisection, began in the late 1800s when a group of women in Florence led the first anti-vivisection in 1863. Later in 1876, England passed The Cruelty to Animals Act, that only permitted animal testing if it were in correlation with saving and or prolonging human life, all the while the animal had to be under anesthesia. Animal testing became very important in the United Stated for assuring the security of pharmaceuticals after an incident in 1937 where diethylene glycol was used as a solvent to treat streptococcal infections. The pharmaceutical company was not aware that diethylene glycol was malignant to humans, the result were the deaths of over a hundred people due to poisoning, after this incident the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act was passed that required safety testing on animals before they could be introduced to the public. The most compelling rationale for medical testing on animals is that the results from the tests conducted aid researchers in acquiring new drugs and treatments.A large amount â€Å"...of the drugs we currently use to prevent and treat serious conditions such as cancer, HIV and diabetes ae drugs that were

Long Distance Discount Services ( Ldds ) - 1460 Words

1. Introduction Worldcom Group, formally known as Long Distance Discount Services (LDDS) and the second largest long distance telecommunications provider in the U.S., was involved in one of the biggest accounting frauds in history. The scandal, when unearthed in 2002, revealed that Worldcom had overstated it’s earnings in the five quarters between 2001 and 2002 by more than 3.8 billion. This was a result of inappropriate accrual releases and classifying periodic line costs as capital expenditures rather than treating them as operating expenses (Lyke and Jickling 2002). This report examines and analyses the underlying reasons behind how and why such a massive fraud took place, how it went unnoticed through the years and the actions taken†¦show more content†¦However, evidence has also been found of managers trying to influence analysts’ expectations downwards (Degeorge et al 1999). According to Burgstahler and Dichev (1997), when earnings increases are consistent firms’ price-to-earnings are normally higher but when the trend is broken firms experience a negative growth in stock returns. 2.1.2 Compensation agreements and Equity incentives Since the last couple of decades, it has become very common for companies to link CEO and executive pay to the stock prices of the firms. Companies try and use this strategy in order to align the incentives of senior management with shareholder interests. But, it has been found that this strategy might backlash and instead motivate managers to practice fraudulent methods in order to manage and increase the company’s reported earnings (Bergstresser and Philippon 2006). 3. Earnings Management at Worldcom (Q1B) Worldcom CEO Bernie Ebbers was instrumental in merging 75 companies with Worldcom including telecommunication giant MCI. But in reality, Worldcom was struggling to make these acquisitions work while it continued to pursue growth by trying to acquire more companies (Zekany et al 2004). In addition to this, there was increasing pressure to maintain the E/R ratio at 42% and this ratio was difficult to maintain as the industry was facing slow growth due to competition, excess capacity and reduced demand (Kiron and Kaplan 2004). Therefore, seniorShow MoreRelatedWorldcom : Case Analysis : Worldcom1193 Words   |  5 PagesFraud: Used fraudulent accounting methods to disguise its decreasing earnings to maintain the price of WorldCom’s stock. WorldCom began as small long distance telephone provider in 1983. Based in Jackson, Mississippi; the company provided long distance discount services to its consumers and operated by the name LDDS—Long Distance Discount Services, Inc.—In 1985 Bernard Ebbers became the CEO of the company, and would continue to be the company’s CEO up to the failing of the company on April 2002Read MoreWhy The Ceo Bernard Ebbers And The Cfo Scott Sullivan Committed Financial Statement Fraud1783 Words   |  8 Pagesas â€Å"Long Distance Telephone provider called Long Distance Discount Services, Inc. (later part of a holding company called LDDS Communications, Inc.). LDDS became a public company in 1989 through a merger with Advantage Companies, Inc.†(Report of Investigations). LDDS competed with major long distance carriers such as ATT, MCI, and Sprint; they grew steadily â€Å"purchasing small long distance companies throughout the early 1990s†(Report of Investiga tions). Between the years of 1991 and 1993 LDDS â€Å"acquiredRead MoreManagement Theories And Ethical Theories2085 Words   |  9 Pagesbusinessmen created a small telecommunication company called, Long Distance Discount Service which would later turn into the telecommunication giant known as WorldCom. In the beginning Long Distance Discount Service was backed by an investor named Bernie Ebbers. Bernie Ebbers was a gym teacher that would later make his way to be a hotel manager, he would later become the CEO of LDDS after the company was experiencing issues retaining cash. In 1989, LDDS would hit the stock market after acquiring AdvantageRead MoreBernard Ebbers And The Grand Success Of Worldcom1608 Words   |  7 PagesBernard Ebbers is an Ex former chief executive, and the co-founder of WorldCom. WorldCom was the second largest long distance phone company in the United States now known as MCI, because of the tremendous scandal that led to the company’s bankruptcy (Crawf ord, 2005). With the grand success of WorldCom, Bernard Ebbers became one of the most powerful American businessman ever to face a criminal trial. In 2005, Ebbers was found guilty of securities fraud, conspiracy, and filing false documents withRead MoreUnethical Business Practice-a Case Study of the Downfall of Two Major Companies2606 Words   |  11 Pagesfrom regulation as a utility company. The deal-driven atmosphere at Enron was the primary cause of its downfall. The focus was on quarterly earnings and this put pressure on employees to do deals with no regard as to how they would be managed. As long as they ‘made the quarter’ they wouldn’t be yanked. Unethical Business Practices 5 Employees’ compensation was also based on deals done and profits recorded in the previous quarter. The focus on earnings rather than cash led to a lot of unwiseRead MoreVerizon Wireless1280 Words   |  6 PagesDevon Daniel Verizon Verizon stars with WorldCom in 1983 when Murray Waldron and William Rector came together to sketch out a plan create a long-distance telephone service. Long Distance Discount service, became their new company that began operating as a long-distance reseller in 1984. The new company grew quickly in the next fifteen years, over time it change to WorldCom. The company became one of the largest telecommunications corporations in the world. They also became the largest bankruptcyRead MoreMission, Vision, Values, And Core Competencies Of Worldcom Inc. Essay1031 Words   |  5 Pageswill compare, identify, and examine the statements, core competencies, and strategic goals including current behavior and business goals aligned with its mission, vision, values, and core competencies of WorldCom Inc. Organization LDDS (Long Distance Discount Service) acquired a voice and data transmission company in 1995 and named it WorldCom Inc. Within four years of being in business, WorldCom Inc. completed three successful mergers with MCI, Brooks Fiber Properties, CompuServe Corp and the mergerRead MoreEssay about Worldcom: Organizational Culture and Unethical Safeguards1195 Words   |  5 Pagesinvestors of Long Distance Discount Services (LDDS) whom was appointed to run the fourth-largest long-distance telecommunications company, and after a shareholder vote in 1995, become WorldCom. â€Å"While he lacked technology experience, Ebbers later joked that his most useful qualifications was being ‘the meanest SOB they could find,’ [he] took less than a year to make the company profitable† (Kaplan Kiron, 2007, p. 2). As a result of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 permitting long-distance carriersRead MoreAccounting Fraud at Worldcom 21405 Words   |  6 PagesAccounting Fraud at WorldCom Vanessa Gail Woods Strayer University Connor-Green/ACC 576 March 21, 2010 Accounting Fraud at WorldCom The break up of ATT opened the long distance service market to small companies during the mid- to late-1980s and 1990s. Long Distance Discount Service (LDDS) opened in 1983 with moderate growth until its stock went public in 1989. CEO Bernie Ebbers decided to grow the organization through acquisitions (70 companies over the course of its lifetime)Read MoreAccounting Fraud And The Financial Fraud1761 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction WorldCom CEO Bernard Ebbers, former partner said â€Å"He didn’t know anything about the long distance or telephone business, but he knew how to read numbers, he was a number cruncher.†(â€Å"Inside†) This should have been a warning sign to those investing in the company that Ebbers wasn’t the best choice to run the 2nd biggest telecom company in America. WorldCom was just one of many accounting frauds that took place in the early 2000’s. But unfortunately that trend of dishonest accounting didn’t

Business Negotiation Vroom Cars Representatives

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Negotiationfor Vroom Cars Representatives. Answer: Introduction In order to adopt a distributive bargaining approach by the Vroom Cars representatives, it is quite important for the firm to analyse the tactical tasks in relation to the targets, resistance points and costs of terminating the negotiations with the distributors. The tactical task that must be undertaken by the vroom cars representatives should be accessed based on four aspects, explained below: Assess the other partys target, resistance point, and costs of terminating negotiations- it is quite vital for the firm concerned to obtain complete information regarding the other partys target and resistance point. They must be able to identify what the other party wants to achieve (Banai, et al., 2014). Vroom cars must gather the information directly from Great Motors regarding the units of cars they mean to sell under the distributorship of the company and negotiation value that they are willing to undertake. Manage the other partys impression of negotiators target- in order to prepare for an extensive negotiation round; the representatives of the concerned firm must be able to control the information that would be sent to the other party. They must screen the information about their own position and must represent the scenario as they would want the other party to see (Ribbink Grimm, 2014). Vroom Cars must not provide the weaknesses and the hurdles that are being faced by the company to Great Motors. They must portray their view of expanding the business in Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia, yet, they must not portray their inability to raise the sales of the company as per the expectation of the analyst. Modify the other partys perception- a negotiator has the ability to alter the other partys impressions of their own objectives by making them appear less attractive or by making the cost of obtaining them to be higher (Gadke, Tobin Schneider, 2016). This modification provides the organization concerned with the incentive of winning the negotiation. In the case of Vroom Cars, the firm must modify the perception of Great Motors by making their objectives look less attractive. The objective of Great Motors is to expand the sales of the company within a time-frame of 5 to 10 years. The representatives of vroom cars can manipulate the idea by viewing the time-frame as quite extended. The objectives of Great Motors to expand the distributorship in Indonesia and Malaysia can be termed as weak, as in both the countries the demand for electronic vehicles is comparatively low than Singapore. Manipulate the actual costs of delaying or terminating negotiations- the firm may manipulate a deadline of the negotiation or fail to agree a particular deadline that would not affect the concerned firm. This would provide the firm with the power of gaining the negotiation on their own terms (Bala, Vij Mukhopadhyay, 2014). Vroom cars might lay a pressure on Great Motors by delaying their meeting schedule with the opposite party. As Great Motors are quite eager to extract the distributorship from Vroom Cars, they would be left with quite less options of achieving the negotiation on their terms. Hence, they would agree to the terms stated by Vroom Cars to a certain extent. These four above-mentioned aspects would be quite beneficial for the representative of Vroom Cars to apprehend the negotiation with Great Motors, tactically. Reference Bala, M. I., Vij, S., Mukhopadhyay, D. (2014). Negotiation life cycle: an approach in e-negotiation with prediction. InICT and Critical Infrastructure: Proceedings of the 48th Annual Convention of Computer Society of India-Vol I(pp. 505-512). Springer International Publishing. Banai, M., Stefanidis, A., Shetach, A., zbek, M. F. (2014). Attitudes toward ethically questionable negotiation tactics: A two-country study.Journal of business ethics,123(4), 669-685. Gadke, D. L., Tobin, R. M., Schneider, W. J. (2016). Agreeableness, Conflict Resolution Tactics, and School Behavior in Second Graders.Journal of Individual Differences. Ribbink, D., Grimm, C. M. (2014). The impact of cultural differences on buyersupplier negotiations: An experimental study.Journal of Operations Management,32(3), 114-126.

The Leadership Approach Based on Competency

Leadership is the ability that makes capable of persuading others to work towards achieving the set objectives passionately. Leadership involves a community of interest between the leader and his subordinates, that is, these two groups should be pursuing a common goal. Different leaders and organizations may use several approaches to leadership. The different approaches have both disadvantages and advantages as discussed below.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Leadership Approach Based on Competency specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In competency-based leadership approach distinct skills identified, separate qualified staff from unqualified staff. People’s capability determines their level of performance and therefore a desired performance requires a specific level of skills. This approach majorly works on improving individuals’ skills and their performance as an individual moves from one level to another (Greenleaf Spears, 2002). The competency-based approach of leadership has several advantages. This approach to leadership communicates reasoned outlook for roles and for levels of performance. Individuals get tasks that they are capable of doing. This ensures meeting of development needs set by an organization. Competency-based approach protects the morale of the staff. This approach provides room for improvement, and it also rewards those who have improved by giving them promotions. It also provides more valid data and thus makes working easier. To ensure that an organization is developing, performance management gets quantified and therefore the organization knows the areas that need an improvement. Competency-based approach is effective as it links development activities to goals, and provides guidelines for development. However, some people may argue that linking management to performance is the wrong way to develop leaders. An additional limitation of this approach is that the set competencies that a person should have are subject to reading and at times people do not act in the desired way. To add onto this at times the competencies are vague and people may understand them differently. Another approach to leadership is the servant leadership approach. This approach to leadership makes leaders servants. It entails giving importance to the needs of subordinates and other colleagues. The decision making procedure involves the workers. This leadership approach is at times negligent and is subject to pulls and pressures from different groups. Regardless of this it has several advantages. This approach increases the acceptance of management ideas and also reduces employees’ grievances. This helps in increasing cohesion in the workplace and thus increasing productivity. In this approach the needs of the staff is of primary significance and thus the staff develop loyalty to their organization. Because all opinions count, the decisions made get i mplemented wholeheartedly. A good relationship develops between the leaders and the subordinates, employees get motivated. This helps in maintaining a high level of output (Greenleaf Spears, 2002).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Servant leadership approach has some limitations. Very few leaders are willing to exercise this kind of approach. Most leaders think that employees may not be effective when this approach is used. There are so many attributes expected from such leaders and very few leaders possess such personalities. Leaders are used to having the power to control and acting as the decision makers in given areas, this makes some of them unwilling to welcome suggestions from subordinates. Lower levels of employees may not understand the intricate nature of organizations and therefore their opinions rarely count and thus some aspect of the servant leadership approach is lost. Competency-based leadership thus looks at an individual’s skills in order to identify a leader whereas the service leadership approach seeks to make everyone in an organization successful with the aim of making an organization to succeed. Servant leadership may have some moral attributes that those involved in competency-based leadership approach lack. In organizations that managers use competence to assess employees, people may do anything regardless of whether it is ethical or unethical just to get promoted (Hellriegel, Jackson, Slocum Hellriegel, 2008). Most organizations prefer using the competency-based leadership approach because they believe it will make it possible for them to identify the type of leader they require after examining the leaders’ skills in different areas. It is the belief of many organizations that appointing personnel to certain positions while taking into consideration their abilities is very important as that makes organizations m ore industrious. Because most organizations work with the aim of maximizing profit, they will try to increase productivity and hence the implementation of the competency-based leadership approaches (Hellriegel, Jackson, Slocum Hellriegel, 2008). Though these two approaches may seem different, a leader chosen because of their competencies can also portray the qualities of a servant leader. An individual can be competent and still work as a servant to his or her subordinates. Leaders who enjoy doing their jobs are willing to see their organizations succeed. This type of leaders always welcomes suggestions from everyone regardless of his or her status in the organization. A leader should be capable of motivating employees.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Leadership Approach Based on Competency specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This means that they should give importance to the interests of their employees. This will help them build confidence in their employees and thus ensure high productivity and stability in the organization. Being competent does not make one indifferent of other people’s feelings. Leadership is a key in achieving goals; therefore, the leadership style adopted should be suitable to the circumstance involved. References Greenleaf, R. K., Spears, L. C. (2002). Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness. New York: Paulist Press. Hellriegel, D., Jackson, S. E., Slocum, J. W., Hellriegel, D. (2008). Managing: A competency- based approach. Mason, OH: Thomson South-Western. This essay on The Leadership Approach Based on Competency was written and submitted by user Gabriel Dalton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Loving Yourself and Someone Essay Sample

Loving Yourself and Someone Essay Sample Loving Yourself and Someone Essay Sample Loving Yourself and Someone Essay Sample I agree with the statement that loving someone is different from being â€Å"in love† with them. Being â€Å"in love† with someone is an intoxicating feeling, which veils eyes and changes perceptions. Lovers cannot perceive the world and the object of their affection adequately. One might say that infatuation is aimed at the image that a person creates of himself/ herself. Loving Someone Is Different from Being â€Å"in Love† with Them When there is an object to which one can try this romantic image, infatuation appears. The created image is attached to the lover. When the features of the real human look through the shadowy veil of the ideal image being in love can disappear as quickly as it began. Unlike being in love, love is a mature, holistic and multifaceted feeling. The object of love is accepted the way he/ she is. Love is the daily work, no matter how strange it may sound. This work is aimed at the acceptance and understanding of the person. A visible difference between love and infatuation is especially seen among young couples. Usually, spouses, between which there is only infatuation, file for divorce rather quickly as they are unable to withstand the everyday troubles and the shortcomings of the partner, which suddenly became obvious. How to distinguish love from being in love? What attracts one in another person? Being in love deprives one of the possibilities to see the shortcomings of the partner whether they are inner or external. Infatuation dictates different rules. What qualities of a loved one do you like? If to ask a lover this question, he/ she could hardly call two or three features of the partner. Unlike a person who is in love, a loving person can describe the features of his/ her beloved one, which attract him/ her in detail. How it all began? Being in love comes quickly, while love matures and manifests its presence slowly. â€Å"He† and â€Å"I† or â€Å"we†? People who are in love have one feature, namely they perceive themselves and their partner separately. It is reflected in a conversation where the words â€Å"I†, â€Å"he†, â€Å"she† are used. A person who loves does not make such a separation, since he/ she sees their couple as a whole and uses the word â€Å"I†, â€Å"he†, â€Å"she†. Quarrels or the acceptance of the partner as he/ she is? Lovers often have quarrels, weep and then make peace. In love, everything is different as the feelings are more stable. There are no sharp ups and downs. People who love each other try to avoid quarrels by understanding each other and looking for compromises. Test by a separation. It is said that separation kills being in love, but makes love stronger. Distance and time nullify any being in love, while they make love grow stronger. I agree with Bonny Albo (2012), who claims that being in love can be seen as one of the stages of the development of a loving relationship between people. Passion gives a way to a quiet and faithful love, in which respect, understanding and honest reign. Self-Love is Necessary before We can Love Someone Else I fully agree with the statement that â€Å"self-love is necessary before we can love someone else†. I do think that any person is happy when he/ she is loved, appreciated, and respected by other people. The energy of love is the real power, which is under the law of attraction. In order to be loved by others, a person needs to be filled with the energy of love to himself/ herself. He/ she should be a kind of magnet. To fill oneself with this energy, one must love himself/ herself. Tthe famous phrase from the Bible states, †Love your neighbor as yourself †. The main thing in this phrase is to love your neighbor. It is said about love to oneself as something obvious. Love to oneself is natural for human beings. Indeed, a person is born with a love of oneself. Did you see how babies smile and express happiness? This is a manifestation of love. Children love themselves as well as their bodies. However, in adulthood, this source of love can hardly flow, hence it is dif ficult for many people to understand what the feeling of loving oneself is. One cannot truly love other people, work or nature if he/ she has â€Å"nothing† to love by, i.e. if he/ she lacks the energy of love. Love is like living water in the well: to give to drink other people, one first needs to fill his/ her own well. Therefore, to have the ability to love others, one must first fill himself/ herself with love, i.e. to love himself/ herself. People will love us only when we start loving ourselves. Certainly, it does not mean to be selfish or arrogant. It means to appreciate, respect, admire, and trust oneself. Moreover, a person is required not to criticize or humiliate himself/ herself. Even if a person makes mistake, he/ she first should consider them as a lesson and not to blame himself/ herself for them. A person who loves himself/ herself is capable of loving others, as he/ she knows what love is and what it can do. Such a person is able to give to others his/ her love, tenderness, kindness, and devotion. Loving oneself means to be able to love others. A person, whose heart is full of self-love, is able to give a part of this love to those who need it or deserve it. You always like Someone You Love I think that people always like those whom they love. Some people think that love is affection and it is not associated with passion, because passion is not love. Other people believe that love is above all passions. There are as many opinions as there are people. What about sympathy? In my opinion, love involves sympathy. Moreover, it is sympathy, which becomes the cause of love. Why is this happening? When we meet a person regardless of whether the meeting takes place, we begin to evaluate him/ her. We estimate not only his/ her appearance, clothing, style of conversation and behavior. We are also try to understand his/ her soul, mind and heart, that is, his/ her inner â€Å"stuffing†. What happens when we realize that the person fits our ideas of a good man? We begin to like him/ her. The sympathy to this person appears. Sympathy is an attraction to a certain person. The further communication with that person can either disappoint us in him/ her and cause antipathy as opposed to sympathy, or convince us in the correctness of our initial evaluation. As practice shows, sympathy causes the start of a serious relationship that grows into love. People do not notice how the person, to whom they have sympathy, becomes very important for them and they do not want to lose him/ her. Sympathy as a psychological attraction is not a prerequisite that the relationship between people grow into love. They can stay at the level of friendship. Nevertheless, I believe that most people who have their beloved ones will admit that it was sympathy, which caused love between them. This is not surprising. How one can love a person, if he/ she does not feel sympathy for the partner, who is not interesting as a person. Jealousy Shows that a Loving Relationship Has Depth From my point of view, jealousy shows that a loving relationship has depth. Jealousy is usually considered as an irrational, extremely painful and annoying psychological feeling inherent in all people without exception. As proposed by an Indian mystic Osho (n.d.), â€Å"jealousy is one of the most prevalent areas of psychological ignorance about yourself, about others and more particularly, about relationship†. Probably everyone knows at least one sad story where the husband was jealous of his wife (or vice versa), making claims to his second half, and then the family fell apart. Indeed, the jealousy of a husband or a wife might lead to the destruction of the family. There are several types of jealousy: moderate, severe, and mad jealousy. The researchers believe that the cause of jealousy may be psychological problems, such as lack of confidence and the presence of various psychological complexes. Jealousy is caused by the fear of losing a loved one who can find a more beautif ul, smarter or richer partner. Thus, jealousy is often seen (especially by psychologists) as an unhealthy psychological state. In addition, strong and insane jealousy can lead to tragic consequences, including the death of one of the partners. This is the reason that jealousy is seen as a very negative phenomenon that should be avoided. As a German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche (2012) said, â€Å"He whom the flame of jealousy encompasses, will at last, like the scorpion, turn the poisoned sting against himself†. I agree with this opinion, as the extremes of jealousy are destructive for both partners. However, what about moderate jealousy, which does not appear in the manic pursuit of a partner, regular claims or the application of physical violence? I believe that it not only shows that a loving relationship has depth, but also plays a useful role in them. Firstly, moderate jealousy is not the result of psychological problems, and, therefore, it cannot be called a disease, which needs to be treated. Secondly, it has a positive meaning, as it strengthens a loving relationship, making it deeper and stronger. Moderate jealousy has a positive value as a way to maintain the interest of both spouses to each other, their desire to enjoy each other and attract each other in various aspects, including sexual. Jealousy is able to make people strive to become better companions to their partners. Therefore, it can include both physical and psychological development and the improvement of one of the partners. Secrets are Okay to have Even in a Loving Relationship I believe that there should be no secrets in a loving relationship. The relationship of two people who love each other should be built on mutual trust and honesty. Love suggests that people are honest with each other and have no secrets. Lies and secrets are destructive for a loving relationship, especially when it comes to a family. The presence of secrets in a loving relationship may lead to the fact that people will be alienated from each other and become strangers to each other. As a result, they will lose their affection and love for each other. Their relationship will cease to exist, as the partners will part. For some people, it may seem that it is easy to have different secrets and mysteries, but in fact, it is not. The longer a person is hidden behind his/ her past, afraid or ashamed of it, the longer both of them and his/ her family have many problems. No matter how a person tries to turn away from his/ her problems or forget what happened to him/ her, they will catch up wi th him/ her and play a trick on him/ her at the very moment when he/ she does not expect it. Personally, I prefer to make my own mistakes and not to repeat other people’s unconscious ones. The courage to look into the eyes of those family secrets that prevent one to live is the first step stop being afraid of them in the future. This is a step toward a new and happy family life. The less there are mysteries and secrets between family members, the healthier their relationships are. In a healthy family, healthy and happy children are born and grow up, which in turn is good for the society in which people live. In the end, each person is the creator of his/ her own life and only he/ she can decide what it will be look like. I know only one thing: by getting rid of family secrets, one makes his/ her life much easier. Loving Someone Involves Accepting Risk Some argue that love assumes the acceptance of risk. I think that this statement has a sense. It is important to mention that love is tender. Love is devotion and affection. Furthermore, love is a situation when one gives his/ her life in the hands of another person. It happens because the strong feelings to the beloved, for example, devotion and the awareness of impossibility of living without a loved one, determine a desire to belong entirely to the beloved one. When we love someone, our intuition tells us that we have to deal with the risk. There are the following types of risk: The risk to remain â€Å"not being loved in return† (Bob Marley), when a loved one rejects one’s feelings for him/her. The risk of being betrayed, when, after some time it becomes known that the second half has a relationship with another person. This risk is always associated with a very serious fear, the outward manifestation of which is jealousy, as many believe. The risk of being disappointed in the lover. Many people know the situation when a loved one who always seemed to be gentle, kind, or cheerful, becomes completely different and shows negative qualities and behavior. The risk of being completely dissolved in a loved one, losing all the desire and aspiration to take care of oneself. This type of risk is also particularly dangerous, because it can lead to a complete degradation of the individual who has submitted him/herself to his/her partner. True love can help to get rid of all these risks and fears. Mutual love is a mutual trust and loyalty. For this reason, one who bares his/ her soul to the person, whom he/ she loves and by whom he/ she is loved by, should not be afraid of risk. The only risk, which needs to be feared, is the loss of a loved one due to his/ her death. Death is not subject to us and, unfortunately, no one can escape this kind of risk.

The Shang Dynasty - History of Ancient China

The Shang Dynasty - History of Ancient China The Shang dynasty is thought to have lasted from c. 1600 to c.1100 BCE. It is also called the Yin Dynasty (or Shang-Yin). Tang the Great founded the dynasty. King Zhou was its final ruler. The Shang kings were linked to the rulers of the areas around who paid tribute and provided soldiers for military operations. The Shang kings had some bureaucracy with the highest offices presumed filled by close friends and family of the king. Records of major events were kept. Shang Population The Shang probably had about 13.5 million people, according to Duan Chang-Qun et al. It was centered on the North China Plain northward to modern Shangdong and Hebei provinces and westward through the modern Henan province. Population pressures led to multiple migrations and the capitals moved, too, until settling in Yin (Anyang, Henan) in the 14th century. Relocation of Civilization Centers in Ancient China: Environmental Factors, by Duan Chang-Qun, Gan Xue-Chun, Jeanny Wang and Paul K. Chien. Ambio, Vol. 27, No. 7 (Nov., 1998), pp. 572-575.Shang dynasty. (2009). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved March 25, 2009, from Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online: search.eb.com/eb/article-9067119China KnowledgeThe Shang of Ancient China, by L. M. Young. Current Anthropology, Vol. 23, No. 3 (Jun., 1982), pp. 311-314. Start of the Shang Dynasty Tang the Great defeated the last, evil king of the Xia Dynasty, sending him into exile. The Shang changed their capital numerous times because of environmental problems, hostile neighbors, or because they were a semi-nomadic people used to moving. Shang Dynasty Kings Da Yi (Tang the Great)Tai DingWai BingZhong RenTai JiaWo DingTai GengXiao JiaYong JiTai WuLà ¼ JiZhong DingWai RenHedan JiaZu YiZu XinWo JiaZu DingNan GengYang JiaPan GengXiao XinXiao YiWu DingZu JiZu GengZu JiaLin XinGeng DingWu YiWen DingDi YiDi Xin (Zhou) Shang Accomplishments Earliest glazed pottery, evidence of a potters wheel, industrialized bronze casting used for rituals, wine, and food, as well as weapons and tools, advanced jade carving, determined the year was 365 1/4 days, made reports on diseases, first appearance of Chinese script, oracle bones, Steppe-like war chariots. Remains have been found of palace foundations, burials, and rammed earth fortifications. Fall of the Shang Dynasty The cycle of the founding of a dynasty by a great king and ending a dynasty with the ousting of an evil king continued with the Shang Dynasty. The final, tyrannical king of the Shang is commonly called King Zhou. He killed his own son, tortured and murdered his ministers and was overly influenced by his concubine. The Zhou army defeated the last king of the Shang, whom they called the Yin, at the Battle of Muye. The Yin King immolated himself. Sources The Shang-Yin Dynasty and the An-Yang Finds W. Perceval Yetts  The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland No. 3 (Jul., 1933), pp. 657-685Urbanism and the King in Ancient China K. C. Chang  World Archaeology Vol. 6, No. 1, Political Systems (Jun., 1974), pp. 1-14China. (2009). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved March 25, 2009, from Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online: search.eb.com/eb/article-71625.Shang Divination and Metaphysics, by David N. Keightley.  Philosophy East and West, Vol. 38, No. 4 (Oct., 1988), pp. 367-397.