Team Dynamics and Group Formation

Team Dynamics and Group Formation Introduction Teamwork occupies a special place in the operational models of most organizations worldwide. This comes from the realization that it is the most efficient way of achieving the goals of an organization. Globalization is the major force behind the changes seen in workplaces because it is causing inevitable interaction of different cultures.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Team Dynamics and Group Formation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This realization has been the motivation for learning institutions to adopt the use of group based models of learning to enrich the learning process. This paper relates to the experiences derived from a team-based approach to learning. It focuses on the formative stages and the operational dynamics of the team. The goal of the team is to analyze the operations of Qantas in order to identify sustainable business practices and the change management process at the airline. In itial Functioning of the Group There are two reasons behind the formation of the group. The first reason is that the course under study calls for the analysis of an organization in order to determine elements such as its operations and its change management strategy. This group is working on Qantas Airlines as the case study. The second goal for the team’s formation is to develop an appreciation of how teams function. In addition to the primary objective of analyzing the operations of Qantas, using a team model to do it promises to provide all the members with an idea of how team function and the dynamics controlling the development process. Teams tend to develop through certain stages that follow a logical progression. Different scholars refer to these stages using various terms. According to Phillips and McConnell (2005), teams go through five stages in their development process. These stages are, â€Å"formation, disequilibrium, role definition, maturity and maintenanceâ € . They take on a logical progression that follows the dynamic processes at work in the life of the team. However, the more popular way of looking at the team development process is by the model developed by Bruce Tuckman that labeled the stages of team development as Forming, Storming, Norming, and Performing.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since then different scholars have developed variations to it to accommodate new research and to increase awareness to some of the core issues covered under each of the stages. One of those variations presented by Williams (2006, p. 323) adds three stages to the process titled, â€Å"de-norming, de-storming, and deforming† after the performing stage in Tuckman’s model. The goal for these additions is to show that teams are not permanent but must disintegrate after the attainment of the objectives. Another exa mple of variations to Tuckman’s model presented by Heldman and Mangano (2009, p. 187) is the addition of a stage called â€Å"adjourning†, after Tuckman’s performing stage. These examples show that there is agreement among scholars to the fact that teams go through a logical development cycle. In order to discuss the development process of the team under discussion, Tuckman’s model will provide the framework. This is because it is simple enough and covers all the key stages of relevance to this discussion. The first stage that the team went through was â€Å"forming†, which covered the circumstances that led to its creation. The members did not have a choice of whether or not to be part of a team because it was a course requirement. The members decided to be part of a team of their choice but they did not have a say as to whether they wanted to be in a team or not. This brought about a sense of common destiny because the performance of the members in the course depended on their performance as a team. This situation is not unique but is common especially in the disciplined forces. Soldiers do not have a choice regarding the company they will be in. However, once together, they must put their differences aside and work around their differences to win the war at hand because they all have a common destiny.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Team Dynamics and Group Formation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second stage in the team development process is â€Å"storming†. This is the stage where the actual work in the team begins. It is characterized by infighting and jostling for positions because the member are not yet clear what their roles in the team are. In some cases, some members opt out because they find the jostling unbearable. In the case of the team under review, there was a bit of tension originally as members sought to clarify how the team w ould operate. Most of the member had other jobs, which made the issue of finding a common time outside of class work very difficult to find. In addition, there was the challenge of deciding on who would be the team leader. Since the interaction of the members was limited to classroom encounters, member did not have a good appreciation of who had the best skills to lead the team. A vote to decide on the team leader settled the issue. The next stage that the team passed through was â€Å"norming†. After settling down and appointing a leader, the team found it easier to talk and to raise issues related to the project. Some of the issues had a direct impact on the progress of the work while others had to do with the needs of the members. The team did its best to accommodate the schedules of all the members, especially those who had other jobs. Meeting regularly proved to be a bigger challenge than originally anticipated but the team has worked very hard to settle and get down to business. The team is currently in the fourth stage of â€Å"performing†. There are clear rules guiding the team’s operations and its outcomes. It is clear to all team members that failure to deliver on targets will affect the whole team. The team is working very hard to keep up with the schedule for completion of the work. There are fewer personality related conflicts compared to the initial stages of the teams work. One of the issues that warrant mention in the whole development process is the goal setting process that the team adopted. In the first meeting, the only thing that was clear was that the team was going to analyze the operation of Qantas. However, the process of doing it remained in the hands of the team. It was up to the team to make up its mind regarding how the project was to proceed.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One definition of a goal is â€Å"an end towards which you direct specific effort†. One of the first goals the team had to set and execute was choosing a team leader. The team realized that a team leader would help coordinate the work of the team better than if each member went to work without some form of central control. After choosing a leader, the team looked at the assignment in detail and developed options for meeting the objectives. At this point, the team identified specific objectives relating to the desired outcome of the process. One of the decisions taken included giving each member a particular department in Qantas as their individual area of focus. The idea was to develop a comprehensive picture of the company before going on to analyze the trends that showed up based on individual reports. The outcome of the analysis is what will form the core discussion in the final submission of the teams work. Developed specific goals included the analysis of the operation o f specific departments in Qantas, the development of an overall picture of how the airline operates, and the analysis of the change management strategies employed by the airline. Midstream Changes in Team Dynamics The critical events that characterized the development of the team related closely to the stage that the team was in. During the forming stage, the critical issue was choosing team members. As noted earlier, the task for the team was not open for debate hence it was not possible to opt out. After the class to the class to form teams, people grouped themselves based on what they felt was the best arrangement based on the limited interaction with each other in class. During storming, the team went through a period of distrust and jostling. The members were not sure of whom to trust the responsibilities. Some attempted to take more work to ensure that completion of the assignment, while others took only limited work because of their tight schedules. Eventually, under the guid ance of the team leader, the team rationalized the workload by asking each member to pick a specific aspect of the overall assignment. There was a bit of jostling too because members did not have a good idea of what their role in the team was. Forming stage gave the team a chance to reconsider its goals, processes, and achievements. The members relaxed and became less formal during meetings. It was in this stage that it became necessary to enforce rules developed earlier because members became relaxed. Without direction from the chair, the team would have lost time to socialization and to other irrelevancies. However, these activities also helped to build trust. After the norming stage, the team sorted out many of the issues that came up during storming. The key strengths of different members became apparent during the performing stage. This enabled the team to work better. Some member proved to be more adept at research while others had better analytical skills. Members collaborate d in and out of team meeting to leverage on the strengths available within the team. The key characteristics of the team in this stage were collaboration and high productivity. The team is currently in this stage. Output is satisfactory but there are still problems with meeting the team’s deadlines mainly because of the tight schedules that some team members operate under. Change Management Process The characteristics of strong teams include a clear vision, objectives and goals, synergy, flexibility and adaptability, and a strong review mechanism. The team in this report had a very clear objective, which was the analysis of the operations of Qantas. The setting of this objective partly came from the clarity of the course requirements. In addition to this objective, the team set a number of operational objectives including the number of meetings it needed to have in order to achieve the goals, the targets for each individual member and the quality of work the team wanted to pr esent at the end of the exercise. In as far as strong objectives characterize strong teams, this team met the requirement. The second characteristic of a strong team is synergy. In other words, it is the working together of the team members by leveraging on the strengths of individual members to create a strong result. This aspect came into play when the team used its strongest members to validate research and analysis done by the other members. The team members passed on their work to members who were strong in research and analysis for criticism and comment. This improved the quality of the output that each individual provided and by extension it improved the overall quality of the work the team produced at each stage. The third aspect of strong teams that this team displayed was flexibility and adaptability. Flexibility showed when team members constantly put effort into adjusting and synchronizing personal schedules to create time for team meetings. As mentioned earlier, some of the team members have demanding jobs and getting time off apart from class time to attend meetings is a major issue for them. Nonetheless, a lot of effort went into finding a workable time to ensure the meeting of the team’s objectives. On the issue of adaptability, the team worked hard to find ways of remaining in touch outside the meetings and classes. In this sense, the use of email and text messaging made it possible for the team members to keep in touch and to continue with work despite the severe time constraints. This option was not immediately obvious to the team because the model that the members originally had in mind included meeting together for discussions and compiling parts of the work. The reality however is that it is difficult to meet as often as earlier envisaged. This called for innovation and a flexible attitude to see how to employ electronic means of communication. The final characteristic of strong teams is that they review progress regularly as a sou rce of learning. On this count the team still has a lot to do. The time constrains associated with this team’s work means that most of the meeting time went into the actual development of the work with very little time left for meaningful review. However, in principle, the team fully appreciates the need for regular review. Conclusion The experiences of the team with this project illustrate the practical hurdles teams face in the process of executing their mandate. There are always forces acting to make it difficult for the team to execute its mandate. It also shows that each team must go through the formative processes. The stages of team development occur concurrently with the team’s efforts to achieve the primary goals. There is always need to balance the needs of the team as a growing unit with the achievement of the objectives set for the team. Reference List Burns, J. M. (1979) Leadership. Harper Row, New York, NY. Gaist, P. A. (2009) Igniting the Power of Commu nity. Springer, New York, NY. Heldman, K., Mangano, V. (2009) PMP Project management Professional Exam Review Guide. Illustrated edn, John WIley and Sons, Indianapolis, IN. Hopkins, D. H. (1999) Using History for Strategic Problem-Solving: The Harley-Davidson Effect. Business Horizons, pp. 52-60. Kanter, R. M. (1997) World Class: Thriving Locally in the Global Economy. Simon Schuster, New York, NY. Murthy, C. S. V. (2007) Change Management. Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai. Ohmae, K. (1995) The End of the Nation State. University of Minnesota Press, Minnesota. Paliwal, M. (2006) Business Ethics. New Age International, New Delhi. Phillips, R. L., McConnell, C. R. (2005) The Effective Corrections Manager: Correctional Supervision for the Future, 2nd edn. Jones Bartlett Learning, Sadbury MA. Rosenthal, S. B., Buchholz, R. A. (1999) Rethinking Business Ethics. Oxford University Press, Cary NC. Roulliard, L. (2002) Goals and Goal Setting: Achieving Measured Objectives, 3rd ed. Ceng age Learning, United States of America. Thakur, M., Srivastava, B. N. (1997) International Management. Tata Mcgraw-Hill Education, New Delhi. Vakola, M Nikolaou, L 2005, Attitudes Towards Organizational Change: What is the Role of Employees Stress and Commitment?, Journal of Organizational Change Management, vol 18, no. 1, pp. 163-176. Williams, C 2006, Management, 4th edn, Cengage Learning.

Stress Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Stress Management - Assignment Example The responses to the stressor depict the developmental stages of these family members (Gradus et al., 2014). In perspective, the son is in early childhood development stage while the husband is in the old age stage. On the other hand, the daughter is middle-aged and the patient is in the adulthood stage of development. The RN determines whether the defense mechanism is harmful or helpful through the analyzing the symptoms of the client. For instance, in the denial stage, the client might start to act negatively like withdrawal from the public. Nursing diagnosis The mother is facing a risk for the post-trauma syndrome and it is emanating from the loss of her felinity coupled with social discrimination. The symptoms are grieving over her femininity loss. The husband is having a difficult time to cope with the family stress (Gradus et al., 2014). The ineffective coping comes from the family image due to the loss of femininity of the wife and symptoms are engaging in religious activities to cover up the family’s image. Further, the daughter is suffering from the readiness to enhance the family coping strategies. The situation comes up from the mother’s state and she wants to help her cope with the mastectomy stress. The case has characteristics of overindulging in her mother’s activities as a mechanism to help her cope. Moreover, the son has ineffective denial whereby he fails to agree to the mother’s situation and gets characterized by total refusal to concede to his mother’s situation.

Psy 200 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Psy 200 - Essay Example In this experiment, a majority of the participants would conform to a social norm or any norm such as in the control experiment. Participants were so irritated especially in the second condition in which they faced a violation of a social norm. they felt like their privacy was being violated when the social was violated with someone standing too close, especially people of the same gender. They emotionally felt so angry and disgusted when asked to violate the norm-standing too close when talking to someone. It is worth noting that, it was especially different for people who somehow knew each other, they tend to enjoy the violation. In the case of condition 1, there were emotional reactions displayed when participants were asked to conform. Not all the participants were comfortable doing norm violation especially for the second condition; but in condition one, the participants asked to violate the norm had no problems. As far as condition one is concerned, on thing was very clear, the participants willingness to go along with social pressures was much stronger than their beliefs to stand up for what their individually know or believe as true. On the other hand, participants in the second condition believed in going along with social norms and were not prepared to go against it. For the first condition, it is apparent that people were willing not willing to violate the social norm because they did not want to feel different from the rest; they were more concerned with what the others might think, and believed that, majority rules. However, in the second condition, people did not want to violate the social norm because they felt it was not the right thing to since it was violating on people’s privacy or making the conversion difficult. It was very easy to approach males than it was to approach ladies who felt enthusiastic to participate. Most men

Examining Google Electronic Medical Records Information Technology Essay

Examining Google Electronic Medical Records Information Technology Essay A1) Google electronic medical records are a concept based on how the patients can store their medical records electronically (Plunkett, 2008). All over the world, there are many patients who visit to hospitals when they are ill. It is necessary for them to maintain their medical records. So, if we count each patients visit to the hospital for a year, it would be a big number. In such case, is difficult for the patient to maintain all medical records. So, Google has come up with a new task with all new features that help the patients to maintain their medical records. Google has given a name to this task as Google Health. This Google Health means current medical record storage system. Googles medical record system provides a feature where the patients can enter their medical records. These medical records are stored in a very secure place known as repository. The repository is provided with the best security, where it can be accessed only by the health care providers. Doctors are invi ted to give their advices and send relevant information to the medical records entered by the patients. This system is developed with many features. The features include health profiles for medication, reminder messages for prescription refills, reminder messages for the doctor visits, directories for doctors. The features also include the services for patients to enter their medical records, get advices from the doctors and personal health advices. The main purpose for developing this medical system is to make patients records easily accessible, more complete to streamline recordkeeping (Laudon, Laudon, C., 2008). 2. What are the problems with Americas current medical recordkeeping system? How would electronic medical records alleviate these problems? A2) American current medical recordkeeping system has following problems It is difficult to maintain paper based medical record by patients, as they frequently visit to the hospital. The current record system is difficult to access. The process of accessing the records is time consuming for both patients and doctors. In certain medical emergencies, time is the most critical factor. In such situations, access to the records becomes difficult. There are security issues related to storage and retrieval of the medical records. As the medical records are highly confidential, any theft or unauthorized access to it can create ethical and legal issues. The medical records entered by the patients should be provided with the appropriate security or else the information can be tracked by the internet thefts. So, it is always important to provide security to the data or the medical record of the patients being stored online. Other problem, with the current system is that the medical records are not accessed from multiple locations. If the patient needs to get transfe rred to a hospital across cities, then he needs to carry his medical records. The solution to this problem, as explained in next paragraph, is to switch to electronic. Following features of Electronic medical records will alleviate these problems Google has developed a system called Google Health, which is designed with a purpose of storing the medical records. The main purpose for developing this system is to make patients medical records easily accessible. The system is developed with the best features that enable the patients to easily enter their medical records. This system is developed to benefit patients in storing their medical records. Google is one of the best companies with a dedicated mission to bring up online innovations. The mission is to organise the worlds information and make it universally accessible and useful. This means, the information that is being collected from all over the world should be made accessible and useful. The best way is to switch to electronic health records, which means storing all patients medical records electronically (Carter, 2008). This conversion to electronic health records stands to provide much needed organization and efficiency to the healthcare industry, which is the single l argest segment of Americas Gross Domestic Product. After the discussions between the individuals and the privacy advocates, they made this electronic medical health records to be stored in such a way that decreases the likelihood of privacy invasion (Laudon, Laudon, C., 2008). 3. What management, organization, and technology factors are most critical to the creation and development of electronic medical records? A3) Developing the electronic medical records is not necessary but the most important thing is to maintain the medical records. The health care system is developed with the best features where in patients can enter his or hers medical information (Willis, 2008). There are some factors to which the management is responsible. The management is purely responsible for maintaining each medical record entered by each patient. The management looks after the security provided for the information. The managements work is to look how the records are being handled by the servers. Also, the privacy along with the security, the electronic records stored online is referred by many users in many different fields according to their requirement. Apart from this, the management must also manage their employees payments. The employees are the people who work to accomplish companys tasks. There are some factors to which the organization is responsible. The medical records entered by patients are stored in the databases which are managed by different organizations. These organizations must organise the databases in such a way that the medical records should be stored safely and permanently. These medical records are used by the patients for future retrievals. The organization is also responsible for updating the medical records of the patients and makes them accessible to the users without any trouble. They should also be able to manage, the operations performed by the users. Also, there are some more factors in which the technology can play a major role. The technology that is used and implemented should enhance security of the medical records rather than making the patients worried about their information. The technology that is used should be able to store the data or information to the database without missing any data and also retrieve the required data where and when required (Laudon, Laudon, C., 2008). 4. What are the pros and cons of electronic patient records? Do you think the concerns over digitizing our medical records are valid? Why or why not? A4). Following are the few pros to the electronic patient records: It is easier to create, store and retrieve the information. As all records are stored in single database managed by a single service provider, the expertise can develop at the providers end. The information on electronic patient records can be accessed from anywhere across the world. When storing the medical records of the patients online, concerned databases allow some users to view the records and find solution to their medical problems. Even the doctors can view the advices given by other specialist doctors and can learn more about the medication. As all the medical records are stored electronically, the users can make changes to their records and retrieve the required records from any system just by making use of the internet. Following are the few Cons to the electronic patient records: The primary issue with electronic medical records is the data theft or ensuring that the security of the records is not compromised. The medical record can be either paper based or maintained electronically. In both the cases, the medical records need security. The security to printed records is a traditional and proven process while the security process for the electronic records has not been established so far. The security is provided to the medical records stored electronically by using some best technologies. At some point, these technologies provide limited security to the medical records. There have been many cases in the recent past when the personal data of the user was compromised with. As there is only one single service provider of online medical records, it can also mean a single point of failure. If such a system has to be established, it needs to be done with multiple players. Are concerns over digitizing medical records valid? Why or why not? Digitizing means storing or safeguarding the medical records online electronically by using some types of electronic gadgets. The concept of digitizing is to make the medical records accessible anywhere from the world any time. This concept is beneficial for the users as they can view their records where and when necessary. Sometimes, it may not be good to use this concept, if the security for the medical records is not good as this may lead to the track the medical records of many patients (Laudon, Laudon, C., 2008). If any kind of emergency medical problem arises during the access to the medical records then it can become a critical issue as it means that someones life is at stake (Baren, 2007). 5. Should people entrust Google with their electronic medical records? Why or why not? A5) Google has developed amazing task where it organises all the medical information of the people and make them available to the users when it is necessary. The Google has named the task as Google Healthcare. By the name itself anyone can guess what the concept is all about. We can entrust Google with their electronic medical records as it benefits the users or the patients in many different ways. With this system the patients can enter their medical records, make changes to the records, and retrieve the medical records when necessary. The patients can retrieve and access the medical record from anywhere in the world. This is because of digitizing. Digitizing means the medical records that are entered by the patients are stored electronically. The medical records stored in this way need a very high security as they are chances for the medical records to be viewed by any other users. So, for this sake it is always necessary to provide high and best security for the medical records be ing stored electronically. Google has provided this security facility. Sometimes we may not entrust on Google with its electronic medical records. This is because the security reason. As the medical records entered online are stored in databases these require high security. These databases are managed by different organizations. The databases used should be enough reliable to store the entered medical records, make changes to the medical records and retrieve the medical records when required by the patients. If the database is unable to update the medical records entered by the patients, it may cause a problem when the patient tries to retrieve that medical record (Laudon, Laudon, C., 2008). The concept of digitizing medical records are valid only when the security provided for the medical records is at the highest range when compared to other security features and must be checked by the organizations at times (Tanner, 2007). 6. If you were in charge of designing an electronic medical recordkeeping system, what are some features you would include? What are features you would avoid? A6) Concept of maintain medical records is useful to the users. It is a concept developed by the one of the greatest and biggest companies Google. This concept of Google is mainly about helping users in storing their medical records safely and provides access to their medical records when required by them. It provides the users to enter their medical records which can be accessed by the doctors and give relevant advices to the patients. There are some problems with this concept that were faced by the users. So, as a solution to these problems was to switch to electronic. This means that all the records are maintained electronically where each user is provided with unique username and passwords. If, I am required to design an electronic medical record keeping system, I would include all the required necessary features that will benefit the users of this system. I would also like used technologies which provide the best and high security for the medical records entered by the patients (Grady, 2007). I would provide different features like providing access to the medical records for the patients, organise each health department separately. I would maintain each patients records separately in a well organised manner, provide access to the information when required by different departments. Provide with best database that can store, change and retrieve the medical records entered by the patients. Organise all diseases and allergies according to the type which helps the patients to find the required information for which they are looking for. Provide with a search text for finding the exact solution, provide with lists of doctors of different department their timings of availability. And also provide a text box named as queries where the patients can query and seek for the advices, immediate response and advices to the patients. The things which I would like to avoid are less access speed which consumes patients time, bad or very poor security. Also, would avoid acce ss to medical records by unauthorised users, would avoid databases which are not reliable. Also, avoid limited access to the medical records, would avoid late responses to the queries or advices put by the patients (Laudon, Laudon, C., 2008).

Kant’s Philosophy Essay

Introduction Kant’s moral philosophy is also known as Kantian ethics. It is a type of a deontological theory, which is based on ethics. Immanuel Kant founded this deontological theory. Kant’s theory developed as a culmination to the enlightenment rationalism. The basic central idea of this theory is that the good will is the intrinsic quality of nature. Hence, if the action is morally good, maxim, it acts as the theory behind the duty to the moral law. Kant’s moral law gave birth to the idea of categorical imperative. According to the theory of Kant, it is an idea, which acts as a  moral law applicable to all people, irrespective of what their wishes, and interests are. â€Å"Act only to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. † (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2008). Kant’s theory has the unique quality of Kant’s formulation of moral law in the categorical imperative. The basic universal idea of Kant’s ethics reveal that in order to have permission to any action, the action needs to be applicable to all mankind without any disagreement. Moreover, this ethical theory states that human beings are not defined as beings who talks of an end but  rather are an autonomous end in themselves. The theory formulation also deals with the autonomy which results in saying that rational agents are willfully restricted to the moral law. Kant says that the idea of the Kingdom of Ends is about the establishment of the idea based on hypothetical kingdom, which is assumed by the people to be created by their actions (Pomerleau, 2013). In addition, Kant’s theory also portrays the idea of imperfect and perfect duties. In light of this view, the idea that human beings should not lie, is the perfect duty and it hold the truth in its centre. While charity, is an imperfect duty, which is applicable in specific moments and times. PHILOSOPHY 3 Many philosophers, such as Louis Pojman and Jean-Jacques Rousseau cited the Kant’s ethical theory for their debate for rationalism and empiricism. These debates state about Kant’s ethical theoretical development lead to the development of the natural law. Philosopher also believes that Kant’s teacher Martin Knutzen gave him the inspiration for his ethical theory. Other philosophers like Jacques Lacan, John Rawls and Jurgen Schopenhauer were also influenced by the ethical theory of Kant. However, philosophers like G. W. F Hegel criticized  Kant’s ethical theory as being short of providing enough prove for the decision making and the denial of human nature. Another philosopher, Arthur Schopenhauer also criticized Kant’s ethical theory as being perspective by saying that it does not only define the human behavior and characteristic but define a specific perspective. In addition, Michael Stocker argued that Kant’s moral theory says people committing the perfect and imperfect duties will eventually end up neglecting the other ethical motivations such as love and friendship. Discussion The basic concept of Kant’s moral philosophy is the ground work which is based on the  concept to seek out. Kant formulated these ideas by linking the common sense concept with the general morality ethics and duties of human beings. This Groundwork is based on the concept of seeking ou, from the basis of moral of metaphysics. His initial idea was to assign a statement to the principles of morality and judgment. These judgments would concern a normal/sane human being. The judgments should also be based on something which a human mind can possibly accept. In this sense, Kant did not give the judgment that would please the other philosophers for being directly linked with either the religion or science.

A Secret for Two by Quentin Reynolds

So, the narrative code is present here and the work itself is a short story: ;Short – Can usually be read in one setting (it presents a general picture of Pierre Duping life; some harassers -? Pierre Duping, horse Joseph, Jacques, episodic: president, driver, doctor; it has small proportions: about 1025 words); ;Concise: Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told (the narrator don't escape from the main plot); ;Usually tries to leave behind a single impression or effect (The story is built around one character -? Pierre Duping, place -? Montreal, Idea -? a good work is achieved by those who really find common ground); Going deeper to the pre-textual level, we can detect: the title constitutes a nominal syntax which Is compound from a secret – a noun, and for two-a numeral (It requests two people). Usually, a secret Is kept by a single person but here we have a secret shared by two. Secret ; something that should remain hidden from others (especi ally information that is not to be passed on), and it requests info, information – a message received and understood, and confidence – a secret that is confided or entrusted to another.The syntax deals with human reality and it implies the consciousness and the spiritual sphere of human being. The title follows the orientation function: it gives general impressions about hat will happen and what we should discover, it gives hidden hints; the informative function: we should find out something, the text tells something about two person; the pragmatic function: It rises reader's interest as a secret usually is kept by one person but this secret Is shared by two, and you think a secret for two†¦ What Is the secret? Who are they? -? you long for finding out something†¦ At the beginning the narrator places the action in a concrete place: in Montreal (a city in Canada), on Prince Edward Street (actually, it is a prospect nowadays).The time s not defined: it happens in the period when horses and wagons were used to carry and deliver milk. In the centre Pierre Duping is placed. The narrator concretions: he had delivered the milk to the families on the street for thirty years (that's the prologue). Time passes; Pierre and Joseph are getting old. The president encourages him to go to retirement but he refuses (conflict). They continue to deliver milk (development of the action). But comes a cold day when the horse dies (climax). Pierre gets Into a shock. He refuses to work any more (limited of the action). The deep rife doesn't let him hear the wagon's signals. He Is killed Instantly.The doctor states the man has been blind for at least five years (outcome). This was the secret kept by Pierre and his horse. Now analyzing deeper the Intra-textual level I detect 6 major narrative blocks. Each block is characterized by internal semantic and structural alt. L. Hrs narrative Deadlock: Montreal is a very large city. Like all Large cities, it has small s treets. Streets, for example, Like Prince Edward Street -? only four blocks Long. No one knew Prince Edward Street as well as Pierre Duping. He had delivered milk to the families on the street for thirty years. † This paragraph presents the place (Montreal, Prince Edward Street) and introduces the main character (Pierre Duping).It is composed of 5 sentences: 3 sentences comprise descriptive elements (lager city, small streets, four blocks Long), other 2 -? narrative elements (knew Prince Edward Street, He had delivered milk). This part is a perfect example of textual coherence: the linguistic side of coherence is insured by lexical links established between sentences: Montreal is a very large city. Like all Large cities, it has small streets. Ђ? link 1 Like all Large cities, it has small streets. Streets, for example, Like Prince Edward Street-only four blocks Long. -? link 2 Streets, for example, Like Prince Edward Street -? only four blocks Long. No one knew Prince Edwar d Street as well as Pierre Duping -? . Ink 3 No one knew Prince Edward Street as well as Pierre Duping. He had delivered milk to the families on the street for thirty years. -? link 4 Links 1- 4 connects the sentences of the fragment at the surface level, and the use of same lexemes (city, street, Prince Edward Street) insures the psychological side of renounce as it respects the connections between the concepts and idea (Nontransferable city, Prince Edward Street-small street), between objects (Montreal- city-stretchiness Edward Street-Pierre Duping) and actions (He had delivered milk to the families on the street) reported. One can clearly imagine a concrete place and a man who works here.Cohesion comes to support coherence: lexical chain: lexemes presenting place -? Montreal, city, streets, blocks; ellipsis: the omission of the verb -? Streets, for example, Like Prince Edward Street -? only four blocks Long to avoid repetition of has; Tense: Present Simple (is, has: narrator pres ents a general description, available to any time); Past Simple (knew) and Past Perfect (had delivered): places the events in the past as the narrator makes a retrospection of what is being told; 0 Junctions: show comparison (simile: Like all Large cities), illustration (for example, Like Prince Edward Street). They help getting a vivid picture and arises reader's trust; II.Second narrative block: For the past fifteen years, a large white horse pulled his milk wagon. In Montreal, especially in the French part of the city, animals and children are often even the names of saints. Pierce's horse had no name when it first came to the milk company. Pierre was told he could use the horse. He moved his hand gently and lovingly across the horse's neck and sides. He looked into the animal's eyes. â€Å"This is a gentle horse,† Pierre said. â€Å"l can see a beautiful spirit shining out of its eyes. I will name him after Saint Joseph, who also was a gentle and beautiful spirit. † I en Treatment presents another stage when ten mall contracted gets a Eternal -? w horse Joseph.Cohesion is supported here by using pronouns he, it, I, and verbs at Past Simple in active and passive voice (pulled, are given, had, came, was told, moved, looked, said) as the narration is guided to present events; such Junctions reveal emphasis (especially in the French part of the city), time sequence (for the past fifteen years), addition (who also was †¦ ). The text contains a monologue sequence when Pierre reflects about horse's name (â€Å"This is a gentle horse,† Pierre said. â€Å"l can see a beautiful spirit shining out of its eyes. I will name him after Saint Joseph, who also was a gentle and beautiful spirit. â€Å") -? so Pierre is a deep, contemplative person.Among stylistic devices detected here: Epithet: moved his hand gently and lovingly -? the character is a kind person, he loves animals and treats them with a lot of care; gentle horse -? this horse woul d not make problems; ; Metaphor: beautiful spirit shining out of its eyes -? character sees a transcendental, divine energy coming from that animal, that's why he makes a ; Parallelism with Saint Josef who also was a gentle and beautiful spirit; ; Lexical units regard professional terms (milk wagon, company), parts of body (neck, sides, eyes), lexemes connected with religion (Saint Joseph, beautiful spirit). Ill. Third narrative block: After about a year, the horse, Joseph, got to know every house that received milk, and every house that did not. Every morning at five, Pierre arrived at the milk company's stables to find his wagon already filled with bottles of milk and Joseph waiting for him, Pierre would call, â€Å"Bonjour, my old friend,† as he climbed into his seat, while Joseph turned his head toward the driver. The other drivers would smile. They said that the horse smiled at Pierre. Then Pierre would softly call to Joseph, â€Å"Vance, moon aim. And the two would go proudly down the street. Without any order from Pierre, the wagon would roll down three streets. Then it turned right for two streets, before turning left to Saint Catherine Street. The horse finally stopped at the first house on Prince Edward Street. There, Joseph would wait perhaps thirty seconds for Pierre to get down off his seat and put a bottle of milk at the front door. Then the horse walked past the next two houses and stopped at the third. And without being told, Joseph would turn around and come back along the other side. Ah yes, Joseph was a smart horse. Pierre would talk about Joseph. L never touch the reins. He knows Just where to stop.Why, a blind man could deliver my milk with Joseph pulling the wagon. † This part is narrative sequence. A lot of Junctions come to support the cohesion and coherence: a lot of attention is vocalizes on time markers after about a year, every morning at five, adverb already, while, then, before as the events have duration and the cha racter life follows its course; addition and, summary finally, place there. The characters who participate in the action are Joseph (the horse) and Pierre that's why they are the subjects of sentences. Verbs are as usually in the past (AS received, arrived, stopped, smiled, said†¦ ; would call, would go, would Walt, would turn around. As ten action Implies a manually character it's obviously to have a lot of lexemes emphasizing directions and position toward, down, left, right, front, around, back ; lexemes regarding occupation milk company, wagon, driver, reins, pulling; place markers Saint Catherine Street, Prince Edward Street, house; verbs of action received, go down, roll down, turned, walked, deliver, pulling. These words are part of colloquial vocabulary. From literary scapulars should be mentioned barbarisms â€Å"Bonjour, my old friend,† and â€Å"Vance, moon am'† because they offer information about social background of character: Pierre is a Canadian wh o knows French as he works in French part of the city. These formulas become cliches. Also the text includes some stylistic devices: Antithesis: every house that received milk, and every house that did not. Ђ? the structure gives more familiarity and shows that characters were very meticulously; ; Personification: Joseph, got to know, the horse smiled at Pierre, smart horse -? in this way the horse comes a character, the narrator and Pierre reveal their tender attitude toward an animal; ; Allusion: a blind man could deliver my milk with Joseph pulling the wagon -? Pierre knew he had some problems with eyesight and he gave hints to others; ; IV. Forth narrative block: And so it went on for years-always the same. Pierre and Joseph slowly grew old together. Pierce's huge walrus mustache was white now and Joseph didn't lift his knees so high or raise his head quite so much.Jacques, the bossism of the stables, never noticed that they both were getting old until Pierre appeared one mo rning arraying a heavy walking stick. â€Å"Hey, Pierre,† Jacques laughed. â€Å"Maybe you got the gout, hey? † â€Å"Mass out, Jacques,† Pierre said. â€Å"One grows old. One's legs get tired. † â€Å"Well, you should teach that horse to carry the milk to the front door for you,† Jacques told him. â€Å"He does everything else. † The horse knew every one of the forty families that got milk on Prince Edward Street. The cooks knew that Pierre could not read or write; so, instead of leaving orders in an empty milk bottle, they simply sang out if they needed an extra bottle. â€Å"Bring an extra bottle this morning, Pierre,† they often nag when they heard Pierce's wagon rumble over the street. So you have visitors for dinner tonight,† Pierre would happily answer. Pierre also had a wonderful memory. When he arrived at the stable he always remembered to tell Jacques, â€Å"The Pausing took an extra bottle this morning; the Limousine s bought a pint of cream†¦ † Most of the drivers had to make out the weekly bills and collect the money, but Jacques, liking Pierre, never asked him to do this. All Pierre had to do was arrive at five in the morning, walk to his wagon, which always was in the same place, and deliver his milk. He returned about two hours later, got down from his seat, called a cheery â€Å"Au over† to Jacques, then walked slowly down the street.This part contains narrative sequence and ideological sequence. It introduces another character -? Jacques, the bossism of the stables. Narration is supported by verbs in the AS went, grew, was, didn't lift, noticed, appeared, laughed, told, knew, sang, had, returned†¦ Junctions Introduce sun relations as: Alton (Ana so), contrast (so, out), time sequence (until, when, then). Ideological sequence is revealed by those two relations established: Pierre-Jacques, Pierre-cooks. These are familial relations because characters use colloquial le xemes: â€Å"Hey, Pierre†, â€Å"So you have visitors for dinner tonight†. Pierre continues to use barbarisms â€Å"Mass out, Jacques,†, â€Å"Au over†.Other lexemes are included in parts of human body (mustache, knees, head, legs), duties (remembered to tell Jacques, make out the weekly bills, collect the money, arrive at five in the morning, deliver his milk, return about two hours later), regarding his Job (cooks, extra bottle, wagon rumble, deliver, weekly bills). The text contains: ; Epithet: huge walrus mustache -? it sounds like a simile because the Pierce's sachet are as huge as walrus ones; wonderful memory -? he had a good memory; Synecdoche: legs get tired -? actually Pierre got tired, he wanted to paraphrase the fact he is old; Allusion: â€Å"One grows old. One's legs get tired. † -? this is the life, we all get old some day; Sandstone: â€Å"One grows old. One's legs get tired. -? the omission of conjunction makes a little confusion: who really gets old: the horse or Pierre? Whose legs get tired: his or horse? It's a reflection with different interpretations; Irony: Well, you should teach that horse to carry the milk to the front door for you -? it's a Joke tit ironic purpose: Pierre is old and is not able any more to work; V. Fifth narrative block: One day the president of the milk company came to inspect the early morning milk deliveries. Jacques pointed to Pierre and said, â€Å"Watch how he talks to that horse. See how the horse listens and how he turns his head toward Pierre? See the look in that horse's eyes? You know, I think those two share a secret. I have often felt it.It's as though they both sometimes laugh at us as they go off Pierre†¦ Pierre is a good man, Monsieur President, but he is getting old. Maybe he ought to be given a rest, and a mall pension. † â€Å"Oh but of course,† the president laughed. ‘l know Pierce's work. He has been on this job now for thirty years. All who know him, love him. Tell him it is time he rested. He'll get his pay every week as before. † But Pierre refused to leave his Job. He said his life would be nothing if he could not drive Joseph every day. â€Å"We are two old men,† he said to Jacques. â€Å"Let us wear out together. When Joseph is ready to leave, then I too will do so. † There was something about Pierre and his horse that made a man smile tenderly.Each seemed to get some hidden strength from the other. As Pierre sat in is seat, with Joseph tied to the wagon, neither seemed old. But when they finished their work -? then Pierre walked lamely down the street, seeming very old indeed, and the horse's head dropped and he walked slowly to his stall. I Nils part contains International tout ten quality AT Peeler Ana Joseph work revealed mainly in the dialogue of Jacques and the president of the milk company. First three paragraphs represent a ideological sequence. It can be noticed verbs which imply communication (said, talks, look, laughed, tell, refused), nouns regarding Pierce's Job (president, milk company, deliveries, pay, pension, wagon).Among pro-forms the most spread are the pronoun I (l think, I have often felt, I know), he (he turns, he talks, he is getting old, He'll get his pay, He said, he could not drive) when they talk about Pierre, we and they when the couple Pierre-Joseph is stressed. The last paragraph continues the narrative sequence presenting ordinary habits of protagonists (Pierre sat in his seat, with Joseph tied to the wagon, Pierre walked lamely down the street, the horse's head dropped and he walked slowly to his stall). Junctions that come to help the plot reveal most time (One day, When, then), contrast (But). Some stylistic devices should be mentioned: Emotional climax: Watch how he talks to that horse.See how the horse listens and how he turns his head toward Pierre? See the look in that horse's eyes? -? it stresses the emotional intensity got by J acques analyzing Pierre, and he wants to capture president's attention playing with his motiveless; ; Epithet: smile tenderly -? people were smiling with satisfaction, with a lot of admiration; ; Antithesis: As Pierre sat in his seat, with Joseph tied to the wagon, neither ; seemed old. -? . But when they finished their work -? then Pierre walked namely down the street, seeming very old indeed the narrator wants to reveal the magic power that persisted between Pierre-Joseph when they worked together, so they make up a dialectical couple; VI.Sixth narrative block: Then one cold morning Jacques had terrible news for Pierre. It was still dark. The air was like ice. Snow had fallen during the night. Jacques said, â€Å"Pierre, your horse, Joseph, didn't wake up. He was very old, Pierre. He was twenty-five and that is like being seventy-five for a man. † â€Å"Yes,† Pierre said slowly. â€Å"Yes. I am seventy-five. And I cannot see Joseph again. â€Å"Oh, of course you ca n,† Jacques said softly. â€Å"He is over in his stall, looking very peaceful. Go over and see him. † Pierre took one step forward, then turned. â€Å"No†¦ No you don't understand, Jacques. † Jacques patted him on he shoulder. â€Å"We'll find another horse Just as good as Joseph.Why, in a month you'll teach him to know all the homes as well as Joseph did. We'll†¦. † The look in Pierce's eyes stopped him. For years Pierre had worn a large heavy cap that came down low over his eyes. It kept out the bitter cold wind. Now, Jacques looked into Pierce's eyes and he saw something that shocked him. He saw a dead, Lifeless Look in them. â€Å"Take the day off, Pierre,† Jacques said But Pierre was gone limping down the street. Pierre walked to the comer and stepped into the street. There was a warning shout from the driver of a big truck. There was the screech of rubber tires as the truck tried to stop. But Pierre†¦ Pierre heard nothing. Five minutes later a doctor said, â€Å"He's dead†¦ Kilted instantly. â€Å"l couldn't help it,† the truck driver said, â€Å"He walked in front of my truck. He he never saw it, I guess. Why, he walked as though he were blind. † The doctor Dent clown. â€Å"Bin? AT course ten man was ulna. Tense g r WTLS-; I Nils man NAS been blind for five years. † He turned to Jacques, â€Å"You say he worked for you? Didn't you know he was blind? † â€Å"No no † Jacques said softly. â€Å"None of us knew. Only one†¦ Only one knew–a friend of his, named Joseph It was†¦ It was a secret, I think, just between those two. † This part is the biggest and it contains different narrative modes: narration is combined with ideological sequence and with explanatory elements in the end.Vocabulary is made up of lexemes regarding nature reality (morning, dark, air, ice, snow, night, cold wind), human reality (wake up, see, looking, teach, heard, said, alkyd, were blind), traffic (street, warning shout, driver, truck, screech of rubber tires). Following the chronological order time markers are very important Then one cold morning, For years, Now, Five minutes later; and a significant role plays the junction Of course as it emphasizes the moments of emotional intensity, and But -? it rises the thrill. A description opens the block: Then one cold morning Jacques had terrible news for Pierre. It was still dark. The air was like ice. Snow had fallen during the night. -? it creates a specific mood, something bad will happen.Three explanatory sequences help to complete the outcome: Driver's explanation: â€Å"l couldn't help it,† the truck driver said, â€Å"He walked in front of my truck. He he never saw it, I guess. Why, he walked as though he were blind. † he tries to convince the others that it is not his fault, partly he still is in shock; 0 Doctor's explanation: â€Å"Blind? Of course the man was blind. See those gr owths? This man has been blind for five years. † He turned to Jacques, â€Å"You say he worked for you? Didn't you know he was blind? † -? one may notice a little fury in his voice, doctor is really upset, resentful about what appended; 0 Jacques explanation: â€Å"No no † Jacques said softly. â€Å"None of us knew. Only one†¦ Only one knew–a friend of his, named Joseph It was†¦ T was a secret, I think, Just between those two. † -? he also feels terrified, and guilty; Stylistic devices help to enrich artistic language and complete what is unsaid by the narrator: ; Simile: The air was like ice -? it was very cold; He was twenty-five and that is like being seventy-five for a man. † -? they both are very old; We'll find another horse Just as good as Joseph -? a horse that is as gentle as Joseph; he walked as though he were blind -? he didn't see nothing; ; Epithet: terrible news -? very bad news; heavy cap -? a cap that only seemed naiv ely, ; ; Germination: Peeler†¦ Peeler near nothing, He en never saw, Only one†¦ Only one knew, It was†¦ T was a secret -? it's a kind of shock that terrifies the speakers, they are unable to express their thoughts; As it is noticed the narration follows the chronological order because the events presented begin with the moment when Pierre receives the Job and finishes with his death. Also this fact is supported by time markers as after about a year, every ironing at five, then, one day, for thirty years, being seventy-five for a man. The straight line narrative is respected and the facilitation is fixed. The narrator adopts the Ill-person point of view because he wants to give more credibility to the story being told. That's why the text includes more narrative sequences, the majority of verbs are in Past Simple (knew, pulled, said, turned, stopped, sang†¦ ), the use of pronoun he and unctuousness Pierre, Joseph, Jacques, cooks, drivers†¦The narrative perspe ctive is neuter because the narrator use camera recording in presenting the vents: everything is seen like in a movie, first it is described the place (Montreal) then the main characters are introduced (Pierre, Joseph) after that the narrator registers the main relations fixed with other characters Jacques, drivers, cooks, president), their interactions. After G. Genet the narrator point of view is external: what is recorded represents the surface level (For the past fifteen years, a large white horse pulled his milk wagon. In Montreal, especially in the French part of the city, animals and children are often given the names of saints. ); after TX. Outdoor the narrator knows less than his character: N

Social Psychology Midterm Exam Summer 2015 - 4074 Words

University of Houston-Clear Lake Advanced Social Psychology Midterm Exam Summer 2015 Ruben DeLeon University of Houston-Clear Lake As described by Myers, â€Å"schema† is a very important concept in social cognition. How does the â€Å"power of perception† or â€Å"self-fulfilling prophecy† play a positive or negative role in our everyday life? Provide an example of the fundamental attribution error, and be sure to explain why the error is considered â€Å"fundamental.† Describe the strengths and the weaknesses of both controlled and automatic processing. Explain how journalists can fall prey to cognitive bias in news-making. A self-fulfilling prophesy in social psychology is when a perceiver holds a false belief about a target. This false belief starts a chain of events that eventually causes the targets to exhibit the behavior that the perceiver expected, thereby causing the perceiver’s original false beliefs to become true. Snyder et al (1977) state that â€Å"the events in the social world may be as much the effects of our perception of those events as they are the causes of those perceptions.† In other words, we may influence people to behave a certain way based on how we view them. When we have strong beliefs about a certain ethnicity and/or gender we may treat them a certain way before even getting to know them which will influence the way they in turn interact with us. An example, is the way the men in the study interacted differently with the women based on whether they assumed