How does the impossibility of certainty affect Hamlet? Essay

What differentiates Hamlet from other plays from Shakespeare is that the action we expect to see, and particularly Hamlet’s action, is continually postponed while Hamlet tries to understand the truth about his father’s death and about what he should do. This play poses a certain number of questions that other plays would have taken for granted. For example, Hamlet does not know whether the ghost he has seen truly is the ghost of his father, whether he is benevolent or a devil†¦ He therefore has to set up a play within the play to observe Claudius’s reaction to it. If the play helps him elucidate his father’s death, he is however mistaken when he decides not to kill Claudius in his prayer, in fear that he should go straight to heaven. The impossibility of certainty, for Hamlet, is an obstacle to action. Another example for it is his impossibility of knowing what comes in the afterlife: Hamlet cannot resolve to committing suicide because of it. However, this impossibility of certainty does not only affect Hamlet in the play, but also the spectator: Shakespeare uses it on his public to underline Hamlet’s difficulties. The most striking example of it is the question of Hamlet’s madness. He decides that acting mad will serve his purpose, but the limit between his acting and his psyche is completely unknown to us. Part of this lies in the choices of the stage director: for example, if there is no effective ghost on stage when Hamlet sees it when his mother doesn’t, it accentuates the fact that he can be considered mad. However, some things in the play already implant doubt in the spectator’s mind. His lucidity, for instance, is what makes us think he is still sane; however, when Ophelia loses her mind (and, for her, no doubt is possible), she distributes flowers that correspond to each character in their most intimate secrets, showing a certain lucidity in madness. We are therefore incapable of knowi ng the truth about Hamlet’s madness. Some people have made of Hamlet a play about indecisiveness, and thus a play about Hamlet’s failure to act. However, when he finally thinks he has obtained the truth, he takes action in a rapid and rash way: he kills Polonius, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, probably some pirates, Leartes and finally, the King. It is therefore more interesting to consider that the  play shows us how many uncertainties our lives are built upon, how many unknown things are taken for granted when people act or when they evaluate one another’s actions.

Supply and Demand- a Case Study Milk Price

The market supply and demand curve above shows the milk price support problem. In order to solve the milk surpluses in the market, the government should take the steps to increase the market demand to the milk products by exploring overseas markets. For instance, the government should export the milk surpluses abroad. This would cut the cost of storage for milk products and encourages the local dairy farmers continue in dairy business. b. The small dairy farmers would prefer the proposal 4 because it benefits them the most through the buyout program.This program encourages small dairy farmers to switch from dairy business to another business. The rewards from government can be used as capital to start a new business. c. For consumers, they would prefer the proposal 2. Since the consumers are also the taxpayers, the dairy price support program is very costing to taxpayers. By eliminating the price support program, the consumers can enjoy the lower price of milk and the taxes to purcha se unsold milk products can used to support other domestics goods that would be more benefits the consumers. d.The member of Congress who is concern about the welfare of community will look with favor on the proposal 2. Since they investigated that the market for milk is a competitive market. Without the government intervention, the market equilibrium price for milk is set by the market demand and supply. For the benefits of consumers and taxpayers, they would enjoy a lower milk price than price floor. The problem of the farmers can be solved by increase the demand for dairy products, such as exports the milk surpluses abroad and promote the local brand of milk products to consumers. Question 2 a. When YED = 2,Income Elasticity of Demand, YED= Percentae change in quantity demandedPercentage change in income 2= ? Qd %12% ? Qd %=24 % The quantity demanded for personal computer increases 24% as the customer’s income have risen by 12%. So, in order to meet my current inventory to the increase of quantity demanded by 24%, the price of personal computer should be increased. When PED = 0. 5, Price Elasticity of Demand, PED= Percentage change in quantity demandedPercentage change in Price 0. 5= 24 %? Price % ? Price %=48 % ? The price of personal computer should be increase by 48% so that the quantity demanded will approximately equal my current inventory. . i. To determine the price elasticity of demand, PED= ? Qd %? Price % PED=4. 3 %0. 25/1. 25? 100 PED=4. 3 %20% PED=0. 125 ? When the price increased $0. 25 to $1. 50, an increase of 20%, the quantity demanded declined 4. 3%, the price elasticity of demand for subway rides is 0. 125. The elasticity is less than 1, so that the quantity demanded moves proportionately less than the price, demand is said to be inelastic. ii. Since the demand can be considered as the inelastic, the riders are less sensitive to the fare rises and there would probably because of no substitute way for riders in short period.Hence, th e Transit Authority’s revenue increases as the fare rises. iii. From the estimation, the demand for subway rides is inelastic in short run. The estimation might be unreliable because of the data gathered is only first month after the fare rises. After a longer period, the riders may choose not to use subway and find another way of transportation which is more economical to them. The switch of riders to substitute way of transportation means the quantity demanded for subway decreases. So, when the fare rises, the quantity demanded declines gradually, the price elasticity of demand would be higher and more elastic. . As a clever entrepreneur, it is important to measure how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to changes in consumer’s income. During the prosperity periods, the consumer’s income is higher, they would demand for normal goods and less demand for inferior goods. In periods of depression, the consumer’s income decreases leads to an incre ase of quantity demanded for inferior goods because their purchasing power is low. If the entrepreneur understands that inferior goods have negative income elasticity (Mankiw, 2007), he would probably switch his business to sell inferior goods.For example, a used-car seller who might sell branded luxury cars during prosperity periods. However, during depression periods, he might switch to sell low-cost cars in order to sustain his business. In conclusion, the statement is valid. Question 3 a. Diminishing returns to a single factor are observable in all production processes at some level of inputs. The ‘law of diminishing marginal productivity’ is defined as the marginal product of an input is the additional output generated by employing one more unit of the input, all other inputs held fixed.The extra output, or returns, to the single input diminish because all other inputs are held fixed. One of the factors is capital. For example, as the stock of capital rises, the ex tra output produced from an additional of capital falls (Mankiw, 2007). Returns to scale are different from the returns to a single factor. Returns to scale are proportional increases in all inputs. While each factor in production process generates diminishing returns, the output may more than double, less than double, or exactly double when all the inputs are doubled.The distinction again is that with returns to scale, all inputs are increased in the same proportion and no input is held fixed. b. In filling a vacant position, we should be concerned with the marginal product of the last worker hired because the marginal product measures the effect on output, or total product, of hiring another worker. It helps us to determine the revenue generated by hiring another worker and compared it to the cost of hiring another worker. This comparison shows that whether the hiring would help to increase the production.The point at which the average product begins to decline is the point where average product is equal to marginal product. Although adding more workers results in a further decline in average product, total product continues to increase, so it may still be advantageous to hire another worker. When average product declines, the marginal product of the last worker hired is lower than the average product of previously hired workers. c. The isoquant identifies all the combinations of the two inputs which can produce the same level of output. The curvature of the isoquant is measured by the slope of the isoquant at any given point.The slope of the isoquant measures the rate at which the two inputs can be exchanged and still keep output constant, and this rate is called the marginal rate of technical substitution. Along the typical â€Å"bowed-in† or convex isoquant, the marginal rate of technical substitution diminishes as you move down along the isoquant. SECTION B Question 4 a. To find the equilibrium price and quantity, Qd=Qs 100-5P=5P 10P=100 P=10 When P = 10, Q=5P Q=510 Q=5 ? Equilibrium price is $10, equilibrium quantity is 50 units Price of Negext, $ Market Equilibrium Quantity of Negext, Units 50 0 10 Supply Demand 20Consumer Surplus Producer Surplus Graph 2 The Negext Market Supply and Demand Consumer Surplus=12 ? $10 ? 50 =$ 250 Producer Surplus=12? $10 ? 50 =$ 250 Total Surplus=Consumer Surplus+Producer Surplus Total Surplus=$250+$250 =$ 500 ? The consumer surplus is $250, the producer surplus is $250 and total surplus is $500. b. When 50 units of Negext are produced, Total Cost of Pollution=50 ? 4 ? $1 =$ 200 The sellers would impose $4 for each units of Negext, so the price for Negext is $14. Total Surplus=$ 500-$200 =$ 300 ? The total surplus after taking into account the cost of pollution, it reduces to $ 300. . We can use total surplus to measure the welfare of buyers and sellers in Negext market. If the society banning Negext, no demand from buyers, Negext will run out of business, the society is not in economic well - being. Both buyers and sellers do not enjoy any welfare from banning. When the total surplus is zero, the total market welfare is zero as well. d. Under the government restriction, the market only can produce 25 units of Negext. (100 units of pollution ? 4 units of pollution are emitted each Negext is produced= 25 units of Negext can be produced) Qs=25 units 00-5 P=25 P=$ 15 ? The new market equilibrium when the quantity 25 units and price is $ 15. Since the minimum cost to produce one unit of Negext is $5 (assuming the cost of production per Negext is $1 and cost of pollution is $4), so the supply of Negext decreases to zero when the price falls below $5. Graph 3 shows the Negext market after the restriction. This restriction limits the production to 25units and the price rises to $15. The consumer surplus decreases to $62. 50, producer surplus is $312. 50, and pollution cost is $100. The total surplus falls $275.In short, this policy is not recommended because it reduces the tot al market welfare. Graph 3 The Negext Market Supply and Demand after the government restriction. Price of Negext, $ New Market Equilibrium Quantity of Negext, Units 0 Supply Demand 20 Producer Surplus 15 Consumer Surplus 25 5 Consumer Surplus=12? $5? 25 =$ 62. 50 Producer Surplus=12? ($10+$15)? 25 =$312. 50 Total Cost of Pollution=25 units Negext? 4 units pollution ? $1 =$ 100 Total Surplus=$ 62. 50+$312. 50-$100 =$275 e. The consumers and producers should bear the $2 tax respectively. Inverse Demand : P=18-15QInverse Supply :P=-2+15Q NEW Qd=90-5P NEW Qs=-10+5P Qd=Qs 90-5P=-10+5P P=10 Q=90-5(10) Q=40 units Refer to Graph 4, the market is in equilibrium when price is $10 and quantity, 40 units. However, the actual price paid by the consumers is $12 and the producers receiving price of $8. The tax revenue is $160. The consumer surplus is $160, producer surplus is $160, and total pollution cost is $160. The total surplus increases to $320. So, this policy is highly recommended because the increases of total market welfare that benefits all the society members.Graph 4 The Neget Market after government imposes tax. Price of Negext, $ Quantity of Negext, Units 40 0 10 Supply Demand 20 12 8 Tax Revenue=$4? 40 =$160 Consumer Surplus=12? $8? 40 =$160 Producer Surplus=12? $8? 40 =$160 Total Cost of Pollution=40? 4? $1 =$100 Total Surplus=$160+$160+$160-$160 =$320 f. When the cost of pollution is higher than $1, the total surplus decreases. The price paid by the consumer increases, the consumer surplus decreases. Then, it would affect the society well-being, especially the welfare of consumer is violated. This leads the consumers banning Negext.Moreover, if the production of Negext emit such high pollution to environment, the society should ban Negext for the safety and health of society. REFERENCES Smith, 2007. Chapter 6 answers (Online) Available From : http://www. coloradocollege. edu/Dept/EC/Faculty/Smith/EC2070102/chap_06answers. htm (Accessed : 16 July 2011) Wmich. Edu. 2010. Assignments In Class (Online) Available From : http://homepages. wmich. edu/~u5nwaogu/In%20Class%20Assignments/Inclass_3. pdf (Accessed : 16 July 2011) Mankiw, N. Gregory. (2007). Principles of Economics, 4th Edition. USA: Thomson South – Western. pp97-99, 559-562

Exploring the Senses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Exploring the Senses - Essay Example These neurotransmitters produce action potentials thus converting the chemical response into electrical signals to be interpreted by the brain and producing the sensation of a salty taste. Since the structure of the taste buds is the same no matter where they are located on the tongue and all taste buds provide differentiation between the varying tastes, the tip of the tongue can detect all tastes. The degree of sensitivity may vary across the tongue but the tip is still able to pick up the different tastes. A super-taster is a person who has an increased sensitivity to different tastes than an average person. One explanation can be that they might have a higher than average number of taste buds and thus cell receptors. Since it is the taste buds that take the chemical stimuli and convert them into electrical signals via cranial nerves to be interpreted into the different tastes by the brain; the presence of more taste buds could increase a super-taster’s sensitivity and intensify their taste

Analysis the tables of the SPSS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Analysis the tables of the SPSS - Essay Example This indeed was the case since only 202 of the returned questionnaires were found eligible for analysis. The standard questionnaires dispatched contained three sets of questions. Five broad features of service quality were recorded using the first 21 questions posed. These were tangible elements of service, reliability of service providers, responsiveness of the staff and management of the facility, assurance and action to ensure fulfilment of the same, and empathy towards the clients. The second set of questions was concerned with the importance with which the clients weighed each of the five features recorded in the preceding set of questions. The third set of questions was a measure of key characteristics of the respondents. The first set of data was recorded on a 5-point linker scale, which allowed the respondents to choose from extremely dissatisfied, dissatisfied, neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, satisfied to extremely satisfy. In addition, the second set comprised a choice for the respondents to choose the respective scores to accord each of the five broad features of the first set of questions. ... Main Element Q I. Using frequencies and descriptive statistics, comment on sample composition. Frequencies Statistics are you male or female how often do you use the centre What year at university are you currently in? 1st /2nd/ 3rd/ 4th/ masters/ other are you a member or do you pay each time subject area N Valid 201 202 202 190 202 Missing 1 0 0 12 0 The study comprised of 202 participants. 201 participants responded to the gender question while all the 202 participants responded to the question on their current year of study. The questions on the use of the Sports Centre and the subject area were answered by all the 202 participants while only 190 participants responded to the question on membership. Frequency Table Are you male or female Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid male 126 62.4 62.7 62.7 female 75 37.1 37.3 100.0 Total 201 99.5 100.0 Missing 9 1 .5 Total 202 100.0 The gender question was responded to by 126 male participants and 75 female participant s. 46 participants never used the centre, 39 participants used it once a week or less, and 47 participants used the centre twice a week. 34 and 25 participants used the centre 3 times a week and 4 times a week respectively. Out of those interviewed, only 11 participants used the centre 5 or more times a week. How often do you use the centre Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid never 46 22.8 22.8 22.8 once a week or less 39 19.3 19.3 42.1 twice a week 47 23.3 23.3 65.3 3 times a week 34 16.8 16.8 82.2 4 times a week or more 25 12.4 12.4 94.6 5 11 5.4 5.4 100.0 Total 202 100.0 100.0 Among the 202 participants who responded to the question on their current year of study, 68 were in first year, 84

Disability and its impact on the individdual and Society Essay

Disability and its impact on the individdual and Society - Essay Example People with disabilities face a lot of challenges in the society today. They are restricted in doing things that the society expects out of them. Individuals with disabilities are restricted in various fields of life. Disability brings changes to a persons lifestyle one can acquire a disability through different way which may include heredity, antenatal and post natal factors. It may affect an individual either physically, emotionally and psychological. People with disability are feel less previledeged in life( Smart 23). A disability affects how an individual is viewed by the society, his friends and family. A disabled person may find it hard to communicate and socialize with other people. This notion affects the deaf, blind and people with multiple disabilities for instance the deaf blind . This is because they have a limitation in one or two areas thus need assistance from the society. The experience discrimination during employement due to there inability to participate incertain activities. They are also highly neglected as they are a minority in the society. Sensory impairement Sensory impairment is a condition whereby one or two of the senses in an individual fail to work. This may include smell, sight, touch, hearing and spartial . This disability can be divided into three sections. These are; the hearing impared, the visually impaired and the deaf blind . visual impairment involves the inability to see . It is also are categorized into three sections.The low vision is one of the categories. This involve people who have a vision but use it for primary sensory control. The second category is the functionally blind. These are people who have a vision but use it for functional purposes. Finaly, there is tally blindness. This involve people who have a limited ability to see thus learn and need assistance( Smart 55). They read and write use Braille translation and software and equipment, Braille printer, output computers, screen reader, software , type and s ceen enlargement. Deafblindness is the inability of seeng and hearing. It is a combination of hearing and seeing defisiencies. Hearing impairement occurs when the hearing sense is affected. One may develop it from birth or later in life. It is most commonly caused by loud noise as well as old age. The society renders various services to the blind, deafblind and the hearing impaired which enables them to overcome their challenges and live a normal life . These forms of disabilities can affect an individuals social and working life . The affect persons may fail to converse with the other people especially if they do not know the language of the deaf and of the blind. They may also experience problems with getting to work, they may also have problems with issues partaing to relationships. Most of these people have feelings of anger,depressed and frustrated low confidence and difficulty in concentration . Their family members and friends can give them support at home. At their work plac e they can get assistance from employment advisers, employment rights and support from fellow employees. There are special equipment and a special language that they use for instance the braille and sign language which help them to blend with other people in the society. Though the blind and deaf people face a lot of

Policy and procedure Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Policy and procedure Development - Essay Example The following policy and procedure provides a guide for the management of fatigue for cancer patients. Relaxing body massage is a proven non-pharmacological fatigue management therapy for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment. Cancer patients develop fatigue due to the inadequate number of red blood cells to circulate oxygen to body muscles. Accumulation of carbon dioxide in the body cells result in chronic body fatigue for cancer patients (Ahlberg, 2003). The drugs administration lack the complete relaxation effect for most cancer patients. Current studies have downplayed the use of drugs to control chemotherapy fatigue. More ever, traditional relaxation methods such as resting and escaping are time-consuming. Massage is cost-effective and time-saving. While other relief methods such as drugs may have cost implications, massage is cheap and has long-standing effects. Studies conducted at the University of Miami suggests that massage helps reduce fatigue. Smooth, soft caresses over the affected area trigger the mind to produce Dopamine, a chemical that induces a feeling of well-being. The research also indicated that massage causes an increase in the white blood cells that boost immunity. The cancer foundation called them the natural killer cells and appeared on the first and last days of the massage. Massages offer a significant fatigue reduction to cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy as compared to drugs. Specialized massage combined with other non-pharmacological practices such as physical exercise have proved effective in the control of body fatigue. Long usage of drugs to stimulate the body overworks the body cells and is detrimental more so to patients at the chronic cancer stages. Specialized cancer nurses and trained masseuse help determine the patient’s knowledge on non-pharmacological fatigue management. The cancer patient’s rights and family diversity will be

Questionnaire Survey Method for Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Questionnaire Survey Method for Research - Essay Example There are various methods of research available including statistical analysis, simulations, observations, interviews, action oriented research, case study based research etc. Depending upon the field of research, the major approaches to research methodology differs and research in social science fields rely mainly on qualitative and quantitative research. In conducting qualitative or quantitative research, various research tools are utilised and questionnaires remain a key component in survey based research activities. Motives behind initiating a qualitative research is mainly to uncover or establish a basic understanding, knowledge or a hypothesis pertaining to a certain issue. Such research often lays the foundation for further research of quantitative nature, which can establish the validity of new knowledge generated through the qualitative research. Qualitative research differs from quantitative research on grounds of what is being researched of. â€Å"Qualitative research involves the collection of data about attitudes, beliefs and intensions† (Hall et al 2004). The objective of qualitative research is to unearth in-depth knowledge of reasons, which drives the human behavior while quantitative research on the other hand is concerned of data that can be measured. While there are numerous means of conducting qualitative research, methods such as focus groups, surveys through application of unstructured or semi structured questionnaires as well as participant observations (Wolcott 1995). Surveys remain one of the major forms of research and the most widely used where quantitative research is concerned. â€Å"Survey research is the method of gathering data from respondents thought to be representative of some population, using an instrument composed of closed structure or open-ended questions† (Survey Research 2006). Nature of survey research allows effective and efficient data gathering from a large population and thus

Capital Punishment Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Capital Punishment Debate - Essay Example "Since 1994, states that have executed murderers have experienced the most rapid decline in homicide rates while states without capital punishment have seen an increase in murders (Tucker, 2001)." Capital Punishment Protester: People may fear death, but fear outweighed by anger toward another person is enough to push the criminal over the edge. A strong rage will inhibit a criminal's judgment and a murder will occur regardless of capital punishment. Studies may show a decline in murders in states with capital punishment but these numbers are a coincidence. Statistics have also shown that capital punishment does not deter criminal activity. "Consider the twenty-seven states where at least one execution occurred during the sample period. Executions deter murder in only six states. Capital punishment, however, actually increases murder in thirteen states, more than twice as many as experience deterrence. In eight states, capital punishment has no effect on the murder rate (Shepherd, 2005, pg 2003)." Capital Punishment Advocate: Capital punishment also makes law-abiding citizens safe. Execution of the criminal keeps the criminal from re-offending because an execution is permanent and the criminal will not be on the streets again. Future lives are saved because the criminal cannot harm another person after the prison sentence. Capital Punis

Innovative Organisation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Innovative Organisation - Case Study Example The company is reputed as the chief civil production establishment in San Francisco woof Region. Abernathy, W.J., Clark, K. (1985). Through long-term tutoring programs the company has been on the frontline in offering contemporary products and services. One of its competitive strategies has been the cost leadership; the company offers sophisticated design and architectural product that embody the post modern architecture at a relatively reasonable cost than its fierce rivals. Secondly, the company offers a wide range of products and services, this includes; designing of temporary on and offsite parking, helipad relocation design, preliminary site relocation design among others. This myriad service makes it dominate other firms. Thirdly, the company has a regional presence and as such a wider clientele niche. Lastly the integration of technology has been a boast for the company; information flow across the organizational structure has been proficient, ideally this has triggered a boom ing business as the bottle necks have been aborted. The most challenging part on designers has been in meeting of the objectives of a building's utility and in designing facades that challenges and provoke the same functions. Structural buildings are multifarious units that perform important duties; shelter and security to whoever uses the same. Structural edifices also meet clustered requirements to satiate operational demands by means of pragmatic form and also desire to employ nonfigurative compounds to impact on the right mind and nourish the mental power. Abernathy, W.J., Clark, K. (1985), Introduction Innovation is a comprehensive course of action through which an organization engenders resourceful and fresh scientific notion (contraption) and translates them into original, practical and feasible profitable products, services as well as trading performances for (prospective) fiscal advantage. Research findings have indicated that aggressive gain is centered on the capability to generate an economy driven not by cost efficiencies but by notions as well as intellectual expertise. The natural world of novelty has gone through a metamorphosis as such the intrinsic description of novelty has dramatically been altered with time. Conventional definition of innovation was centered on persons that toiled in laboratories, itchy and throbbing just waiting to unmask great discoveries. In the modern society, the attention has shifted away from being an individual entity to a global phenomenon that hinges on collaboration. The Amazon president, Bezos Jeffrey puts it like going down blind alleyw ays (Blayse, A, Manley, K 2005). Yet every time one goes down an alleyway and it opens up into gigantic, expansive boulevard. Novelty begins when we break free and rebuff the inert. Dissimilar to invention, that emerges from endeavor, carrying out tests coupled with an aspect of lack, novelty is embedded closely on expertise and leadership-earmarking prospective places to centre novelty power and designing the idyllic atmosphere for innovation to boom. CEO's play an integral role to making novelty a reality; scientifically or rather methodologically. Analogous to executing a corporate line of attack, realizing novelty entails the making of deliberate choices. Options can copiously exist, yet highlighting and sharpening winning options require ingenuity and this is a role that

Arthur Miller Essay Example for Free

Arthur Miller Essay The point being made is that John knows it is his fault and the consequence of it is he wont let go of her because he knows the truth about the arrest. He is reassuring her that nothing is going to happen to her. You will not go! (Act 2 pg 63) Proctor knows that this is all a mistake but knowing it is his. Proctor argues with Mr Cheever that she is innocent and the courts are wrong. Proctor is running out of options he will do anything, even confess about his relationship to get her back. John knows that he is the only one to save his wife and he told her so. For this reason, John is a man of his word. In the previous Act he said I will bring you home (Act 2 pg 63). We have known John to be a man of his word when he says to Abigail that he will cut off his hand and that he will bring Elizabeth back. He stopped what he said before, subsequently he is going to bring Elizabeth back knowing what he said to his wife, he knows Elizabeth has faith in him Oh, John, bring me soon! (Act 2 pg 63). So John has to prove to the judge that his wife is innocent and Abigail accused her just to get John back so Elizabeth cant have him. Previously the audience know that John is a man of his word and proof of this is what he is doing. John is so sure that he is going to persuade Danforth that he doesnt need a lawyer. I am no lawyer (Act 3 pg 74) Johns confidence is leading him to save his wife then again being a man of his word. He has no care, even if he his going to go prison, he has try and save his wife. Options are running out for John. He has told the court about his affair with Abigail and said to Danforth that his wife will never lie. That woman will never lie. (Act 3 pg 74) He completely has faith in his wife, but if his wife will deny of the affair then John will be arrested on charges of contempt of court. Firstly John said that he would go to court, exactly what he said he will do. Proctor said he will admit to adultery saying his wife will never lie; he has absolute faith in her. As a result Elizabeth told her first ever lie because John isnt worth sacrificing. The audience see that Elizabeth does still love him. Also the audience see that John is entirely a man of his word. John is an ordinary man because he has committed sin! His wife is in prison because of him; hence it is his duty to save her. Proctor is neither an ordinary man nor a saint. I cannot mount like a gibbet like a saint (Act 4 pg 113) A saint is someone who is near to pure and has done something very important in order to change the world. He is angry with the court for saying he is evil but knows that they are the evil ones and it doesnt make a difference if he lies. John has done something good but it isnt quite there- spiritually developed. John could confess to be a witch. In addition it does not matter to him because he has done the worst sin there is compared to lying but he has to sign the papers. sign your testimony. (Act 4 pg 113) John does not want to sign the papers because of his name and for his children. John is an ordinary man because he wants his life but knows the cost of what he wants and stops himself because he wants to see his children grow into men. I want to live. (Act 4 pg 110). So basically which man does not want his life? Evidently he is an ordinary man; he does not want to die. The audience know John is an ordinary man but a changing ordinary man. John is churning in the crucible and nearly ready to be purified; John knows saving himself will cost another life, but he can put a full stop to it. John is a good man. John believes if he lives and others die for his life that is wrong. I speak my own sins; I cannot judge another. I have no tongue for it. (Act 4 pg 113). This means that he can talk his own sin but not others or that he will not accuse others for his own life. Proctor thinks not for himself but his children. He needs to give them a good name. I have confessed myself! no good penitence but it be public (Act 4 pg 114) and leave my name! (Act 4 pg 115). Proctor says because his conscience says he doesnt want a bad name for his children. He thinks that having his life means his children will have bad names and others will suffer. Also he doesnt want sign his confession especially for the public. Proctor is a fully spiritually developed man. He has refused to sign the paper, meaning his spoken confession is not counted. This gave him time to think and when conscious, spoke up. What others say and what I sign to is not the same! (Act 4 pg 115). Proctor knew or I shall I say he realised that his written confession would kill more people and only save himself. However if he dies, theres a full stop to all this nonsense. Proctor died to save others. The audience finally see the changed man for what he really is. Miller influences the audience in the way he refuses to sign and knew exactly what the consequence was going to be. John sees the shred of goodness in him, saying that he is white and should be kept away from dogs. The white symbolises the goodness and the dogs are the court. The dogs are the evil people from mythology, if dogs guarding hell and should be away from goodness; white. The decision he made was to stop everything bad and he wont go to hell because of what he has done. It makes John a good man, meaning his spiritual development is complete because he is dead and cant change anymore. John Proctor should have his shred of goodness because he has been churning long enough in the crucible pot. John Proctor is ready and purified and is a good man. He is finally, as I have mentioned, put a full stop to further deaths, being hung for witchcraft. This fact as it was proved in the Milgram experiment- where people would take another persons life without giving a second thought and were told to go even further, until they would die, Proctor was that person and did not listen. Furthermore, John was a final seal and said no more names, deaths or accusations and they were stopped. The government in March 1712 after a solemn meeting declared a democracy in Salem. All were compensated with their land, money and a good name for beloved people who died tragically in the witch trials. The ways the audience see The Crucible, is concerned with spiritual development of John. He is linked to all key events in the play, and still Arthur Miller showed how a man changed and died to save a state, in order to save other people and the good name of Proctor.   1 Umer Hussain Essay- The Crucible. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Does Language Influence Our Ethnic Identity English Language Essay

Does Language Influence Our Ethnic Identity English Language Essay In this essay I will argue that language influences and does play an important role in our ethnic and social identity. Language has many definitions, here are a few that have been proposed over time, Henry Sweet, an English phonetician and language scholar, stated: Language is the expression of ideas by means of speech-sounds combined into words, words are combined into sentences, this combination answering that of ideas and thoughts (Crystal, 1987:6). The American linguists Bernard Bloch and George L. Trager stated, A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group cooperates and the Study of the relationship between language and culture; it usually refers to work on languages that have no written records (Crystal, 1987:7). The scholar Benjamin Whorf has noted language shapes thoughts and emotions, determining ones perception of reality (Pei, 1996:21). John Stuart Mill said, language is the light of the mind (Pei, 1996:21). Despite the research of e arly scholars in this field, it was discovered what they felt to be important relationships between languages, thought, and cultures. Some characteristics of language include à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦different linguistic levels (phonological, intonation and rhythm, lexical semantic, syntactical and socialinguistics), language is a dynamic (changes constantly), has dialects (language variation), is sociolect (language depending on social class), and idiolect (individual language in which no two people speak exactly in the same way) (Pei, 1965:33). Language expresses many faces of a persons individuality or identity through speaking, belonging, providing the most natural badge, or symbol, and of public and private identity, the relationship between language and the many faces is very important to our identity as it shows how we interact with others. Ethnic and social identity plays an important role on the way in which language exercises a dominant influence on our perception, whatever our mother tongue. The most distinctive feature of ethnicity in groups is not their mother tongue, but the foreign accent and dialect that characterize their use of the majority language (Pei, 1965:35). Over the movement of time, many of these features have become established, resulting in new varieties of language. Well known cases include the range of English language and dialects associated with the Indian sub-continent, from the West Indies, even from Puerto Rico. A non-regional example would be people with a Jewish descent, whose speech has had a large influence on many European languages. Why would language play an important role in ethnic identity? Because language is such a widespread and evident feature of community life, to choose one language over another also provides an immediate and universally recognized badge of identity, language also provides a particular clear link to the past, often the only detailed link, in the form of literature. But this link exists even after the ability in language has been lost; for example, many present day Italian-Americans know very little Italian, but they still see Italian as a symbol of their ethnic identity. Ethnic identity is a commitment to a group with which one has ancestral links. Once a group becomes conscious of its ethnic identity, it will wish to preserve and strengthen its position. There is also a drive for language to act as a natural barrier between cultural groups, promoting conflict rather than cooperation. For example in bilingual communities, this factor is less important; but even here, language can focus the sense of political grievance in a clearer way than any other factor. Between the 1960s and 1970s, Western Europe and North America experienced an ethnicity thriving. Considerable progress was made in integrating immigrant groups within their communities and there was a widespread rising of consciousness about ethnicity issues. This was especially noticeable in the United States (US), where a census showed that 17% of the American population claimed a mother tongue other than English, and the largest claims relating to Spanish, German, Italian, French, Polish, and Yiddish. However, during the 1970s a further change took place, where there was still an overall increase in the number of people claiming a mother tongue other than English. The Spanish still had to find their identity within the culture, because they were less accepted and were more aware of the importance of maintaining traditional linguistic ties in order to find their identity within the culture. Language plays a crucial role in both the external perception of an ethnic group by outsiders and in the self-identification of an ethnic group (Schmidt, 2008:2). Language is explicitly mentioned in most academic works related to ethnic identity at the same time, it is emphasize that although identity is deeply anchored in a society, this leading to a strong emotional attachment to identity markers, is not the only crucial aspect of group identity (Schmidt, 2008:4). The major tendency is to regard ethnicity as composed of self-identification of a group, as well as its external perception by others. Ethnicity is considered the property of a group, associated with ancestry, culture, and of course language. There are other views that emphasize the importance of ethnic boundaries and regard ethnicity as an aspect of relationship which often consists of ancestral, cultural (and at times racialized) traits that are commonly associated with particular ethnic groups, both by the members of groups themselves and by others. There are subjective and objective characteristics of ethnic groups. For example, Jenkins states, the belief in common decent is of subjective nature, whereas language and cultural practices are objective means of facilitating a groups formation (Dwyer, Denis, and Drakakis, 1996, :13). He concludes that ethnic identification arises out of and within interaction between groups. Whereas Francois Grin considers ethnicity as the result of subjective assignation or self-assignation (Dwyer, Denis, and Drakakis, 1996:13). He defines ethnicity as a two-tier social construction in which one tier is non-elective (composed of ancestry, mother tongue, and cultural models internalized d uring childhood), and two-tiers result from assignation (by themselves and by others). His definition is consistent with Fishermans for whom ethnicity is made up of three elements: paternity- the perception of intergenerational continuity, patrimony linguistics and cultural substance of what is passed on and gives substance expression to this continuity, and phenomenology- the self-perceived character of ethnicity. No matter if those traits are subjective or objective, they are all means of facilitating a groups information. Why would language play an important role in social identity? Because social identity refers to the membership or association of an individual with a primary and other human groups, ranging from immediate family and expanding outward based on such factors as the individuals capacities, experiences, mobility, and location (Dwyer, Denis, and Drakakis, 1996:15). A groups native language spoken by an individual is likely the strongest social identity; it is usually corresponding with immediate family and extended family. The strength of language group identity resides with the fact that language provides the primary means to categorize, think about, make sense of, and express our understanding of reality. When distinct groups that are each homogeneous are closely located and their differences are significant the psychosocial concept of the other frequently becomes powerful. This means that the membership in ones group is regarded superior to the other and that the blame for a range of dissatisfactions or circumstances is assigned to the other group ((Dwyer, Denis, and Drakakis, 1996:18). Nationality, in the geographical sense of identity with or without a foundation can be a redoubtable social identity, especially in more developed countries with great mobility. Probably the clearest way people have of their desire to be close to or different from those around them is through their choice of languages. Few societies are wholly monolingual, and it is this possibility for different languages to act as symbols of the social structure to which they belong. The use of different languages is often a sign of a distinct religious or political group. Switching from one language to another may also be an indicator of distance in everyday circumstances, as can be seen in different bilingual areas. Languages have developed a wide range of varieties for handling the different kinds and levels of relationships, which identify the social structure of a community, for example, occupation, subject matter, social status, and setting, but may also have been used as signs of social identity. The role in which language plays in social and ethnic identity is the only way we have to acquire conceptual concepts (e.g. love, freedom, power, etc.) and to increase out knowledge, other than direct physical experience. Language offers belonging with those who share it, and the smaller the language group, the stronger the bond will be. Language is knowledge, and in todays world knowledge is one of the key factors in being competitive. Knowledge is what creates the successfulness and growth we tend to take for granted. In an advanced industrial society and in an increasingly co-dependent world, the knowledge of other languages becomes essential. Just think of how the Internet has changed our lives, millions of people all over the world, that share common interests are able to converse with each other and exchange ideas. Not only are they able to do this because of all kinds of various technical advances, but also its because they share a universal language. Language is obviously a v ital tool, not only is it a means of communicating thoughts and ideas, but also it forges friendships, cultural ties, and economic relationships (Dwyer, Denis, and Drakakis, 1996:42). Throughout history, as Ive shown, many have reflected on the importance of language. There would have been no poets, philosophers, political leaders, writers, and other forms of art introduced in the world if language was not there. Therefore it can rightly be said that language fulfills the basic human need of talking and enabled us to depend on others for its various needs in order to live. Language is a tool of communication in ones hand. Language has played a significant role in the service of mankind and it can be considered as a pioneer in the progress of human civilization. Crystal, David (1987) The Use of Language. pp.6-70 Schmidt, Ulrike (2008) Language Loss, and Ethnic Identity. pp.1-4 Duranti, Alessandro (2009) Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. pp.204-209 Pei, Mario (1965) The Story of Language. pp.21-38 Dwyer, Denis and Drakakis, David (1996) Ethnicity and Development. pp.13-45 Jannarone, August (2006) Journal of Social Identity. pp.1-2

There is No Alternative to War Essay -- War Violence World History Ess

There is No Alternative to War There is an average of twenty ongoing wars in the world at any given time. Some are internal civil wars, others are between nations. But the purpose of this thesis is not to report warfare, but the act of it. This includes the evolution of conventional and nuclear warfare, the potential effect of a nuclear war and why it is necessary for nations to fight war. This analysis will be based on a study of Gwyn dwyer's seven-part series, "War". The only other references used to compound this thesis will be statements from former heads of state, as corresponding to the subject of war. War is an indispensable part of civilization an is found at every chapter of human history. It is the culmination of the basic survival instinct when provoked. In the early centuries, traditional warfare employed the use of hoplite soldiers and cavalry who met at a scheduled location and fought reciprocally. The seventeenth century changed the rules of warfare, beginning with Napoleon, who increased the scale of battle in the Baradino church in 1812. The French Revolution marked the rise of modern nationalism, with civilians volunteering to join the army. The concept of National Mobilization was introduced, but not effected until the American Civil war. The Industrial Revolution produced new weapons, such as the machine-gun and the tank. These weapons assured a greater scale of destruction than was formerly accomplished. The two world wars marked the...

Homicide Trends, Prevention, Intervention in Atlanta Essay -- Social

Introduction Homicide has been in existence since the beginning of time. People kill each other daily. In the United States, you are ten-times more likely to be murdered on the day you’re born than any other time in your life (CDC, 2002). For that reason, today’s research suggest that homicide events should not be considered single incidents but as underlying indicators of changes in social and economic conditions including: race, poverty, and social isolation (Parker 2004) and the distribution of handguns (Ludwig & Cook, 2003). Yet, a vast majority of criminal homicides offer very little understandings. In 2010 there was 12,996 homicides in the United States (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2010). Ninety-three of those homicides occurred in the Atlanta area (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2010). For that reason, the heightened incidence of criminal and violent behavior in recent years has become a major concern across the Atlanta area. Several things are thought to be factors of homicide. Some factors include race, demographic, poverty, and the social organization of people. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (2009), â€Å"blacks are disproportionately represented as both homicide victims and offenders. In 2010, blacks in Atlanta represented 54% percentage of the population (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010) but 86% percent of the homicide victims (Atlanta Police Department Uniform Crime Report, 2010). Hence, one of the most consistent findings reported in the criminology literature is that African Americans in the United States are involved in criminal homicide both as offenders and victims at a rate that significantly exceeds their numbers in the general population (Bartol & Bartol, 2007). Nevertheless, in many case... ...rected patrols, and the guns for tickets within high crime areas of The City of Atlanta, homicide rates will decrease Summary This paper has demonstrated how the analysis of homicide patterns in Atlanta could be use to develop and recommend interventions for communities impacted by increase homicides. However, the success of any of the recommended interventions depends upon the good relations between the police and citizens of Atlanta. Also, since most homicides are impulsive not forethought, it is unlikely that the strategies impose would mitigate the homicide rates. It is possible, although difficult to envision, that all strategies against homicide would alter behavior of offenders and thereby reduce violent situations. Conversely, by reducing the number of persons carrying firearms on the streets of Atlanta homicide will coincide be reduced as well.

A Flawed Society :: essays research papers

William Golding’s allegoric novel, Lord of the Flies illustrates many issues of human society through a group of young, stranded, British boys. The story takes place on an island during World War II. As a result of a plane crash, several young schoolboys are left to survive on their own in an entirely new environment. Left with no other choice but to wait to be rescued, they try to figure out what is necessary to sustain a civilized life similar to the one before. They start out fairly well, demonstrating a relatively democratic and cooperative society. However, as life in the crude territory continues, and the hope for rescue diminishes, the inevitable happens. Things begin to fall apart. The neglecting of rules and their desire for fun and violence overtake them, ultimately destroying any order or peace they had on the island. Although the novel was written several decades ago, current happenings such as the Columbine shooting show that Golding’s views on these issue s are valid even to this day. The first and most obvious aspect that Golding points out, are the consequences brought on by a weak government. He places his characters in a completely different environment where civilization is nonexistent, and the only form of authority is in the form of a 12-year-old boy named Ralph. In the beginning, the boys are somewhat pleased with their newfound freedom. However, this switch in government and society eventually leads to the development of an indifference to rules and civility. It starts out with the conflict between Jack and Ralph. Jack, whose main priority is to keep the group’s meat supply steady, and Ralph, whose main priority is to maintain control, argues numerous times in the book. As tension builds up between the two, the arguments grow more serious. At one point, Ralph tells Jack, â€Å" You’re breaking the rules!† and Jack replies, â€Å" Who cares?† (p. 91). This event foreshadows Jack’s rebellion against Ralph and the series of events following the rebellion that lead to the final collapse of their society. The collapse is indicated by the destruction of the conch. The conch, which had called the meetings into place and moreover gave the right to speak in one, clearly represented order and law on the island. â€Å" †¦ The conch exploded into a thousand white fragments and ceased to exist† (p. 181). At that moment, it was not only the conch that ceased to exist, but their society’s remaining stability as well.

The Main Characters In The Brother K English Literature Essay

The â€Å" secret plan † of the narrative is alone from many other books, in that it feels like 5 different secret plans all ramifying off from the same starting point, and all stoping up at the same topographic point. Each of the major characters has their ain â€Å" secret plan † : Papa, Peter, Everett, Irwin, and the remainder of the household at the house. Papa is, merely that, the male parent of the family. Once a professional hurler, he subsequently retired to work in a factory. Several old ages subsequently, his pollex was crushed by some machinery in the factory ‘s paper imperativeness, intending that he could ne'er flip once more without a particular surgery, one they could n't afford. This sent him into a spiral of depression that lasted many old ages, until Kincaid snapped him out of it. He began developing once more, despite his pollex, and after a batch of preparation, he was fliping once more, but nowhere near his â€Å" glory yearss † . Final ly, due to some tampering by Everett, he is able to acquire his surgery, and replaces his bad pollex with his toe, and gets a prosthetic toe to replace that. He finally works his manner back up the baseball ladder until he is the alleviation hurler for the Tugs. He merely quits when he realizes he has to take between baseball and his household. He dies a few months afterwards, due to several types of malignant neoplastic disease. Peter is a genius degree mind who believes really strongly in Zen Buddhist doctrines, and ends up at Harvard for all of his work, avoiding the bill of exchange by manner of scholarship. Finally going to India, he returns place after being robbed of all of his ownerships, although deriving a great trade of cognition about the doctrines he believes in. Everett, on the other manus, is about an antonym of Peter. His beliefs are anarchistic and agnostic in nature, and he is much more extremist in his actions. From beginnings hassling his ain female parent about her spiritual beliefs, he finally ruins his household ‘s relationship with their curate. After he graduates High school, he uses his natural endowment of address to progress in life, going a â€Å" hippy † . Droping out of school in order to dodge the bill of exchange, he finally ends up in Canada, love struck by the one miss who his powers of address could n't enchant, named Natasha. After an on/off relationship affecting many letters, he finally comes back to the US to assist his brother, despite the effects of bill of exchange evasion. The 3rd oldest, Irwin, has no mental art, but is alternatively, an about everlastingly happy, soft giant. By book ‘s terminal, he is one of merely 3 characters left in the household whose beliefs are strictly Christian. Due to dropping out of school and non wishing to run off, he is drafted into the Vietnam War, where his apparently eternal benevolence runs dry. He snaps after his squad is forced to kill a little kid, utilizing n il but a tubing of toothpaste and his fists to assail his bid officer. These actions landed him in a mental establishment back in the United States, where he was subjected to an copiousness of narcotics and repeated electroconvulsive therapy therapy when he would n't halt singing the church anthem he grew up with. Upon larning of this, his household puts aside their differences and calls upon many of their churchgoing friends to come and assist acquire him out of the establishment. They win, and he recovers finally, through tackling the originative mercantile establishment of wood ranges. The remainder of the characters are much more minor. Mama is an highly spiritual lady who keeps the whole household together, even when 2/3 of her kids reject her instructions. Beatrice/Bet and Winifred/Fred are twins born after Kincaid, both really scientifically minded, but ramifying off sacredly, as Bet ‘s uninterrupted dark panics have lead her to an agnostic/atheist point of view, and Fr ed ‘s beliefs remaining Christian. All of these characters and events come together as the kids and parents try to populate their lives. In my sentiment, the most memorable scene from this book was the minute that they allow Irwin out of the mental establishment. The concluding behind this being that, up until this scene, the book had been reasonably realistic. The war was portrayed as dark, farinaceous and meaningless, the characters three dimensional and complex. But this minute merely shattered that for me. No authorities establishment would be that easy overthrown by a few household members and some spiritual leaders. Irwin was, from a 3rd individual ‘s point of view, still lawfully insane. They had every ground to maintain him at that place. This scene was such a displacement in the secret plan that I suppose it stuck with me. My favourite quotation mark from this book is: â€Å" aˆÂ ¦ † Want to hear why? Do you desire to cognize why Linda could ne'er kip? † I forced myself to nod. Good. It ‘s good to shareaˆÂ ¦ † ( Page 390 ) This is from the scene where Bet is depicting her dark panics to Kincaid. My ground behind picking this quotation mark is that, for one, it was a immense turning point in the narrative for Kincaid. Prior to this point, he himself was a minor character, more frequently than non leting his wiser older sibling to make everything. This is one of the few points in the narrative where he takes the brunt of the blow and shows some development as a character. For two, and for the same grounds mentioned, this shows off one of the major subjects in The Brothers K that is salvation. Every character in this book redeems themselves at one point or another, with the possible exclusion of T Bar, one of the people Peter met in India who helped him along his journey . Personally, I did non like this book. Many parts I had to maintain forcing myself frontward, with the promise that it may acquire more interesting subsequently on. And it did, for the most portion. But any clip the secret plan of one character would get down to acquire interesting, it would trade off to another character, and so another, until I had long forgotten why I was interested in the first character in the first topographic point. I did, nevertheless like how every character was given a sufficient wrap up, but at the same clip, the stoping felt really rushed. Where as in most of the book, at most merely a few months would travel by without notice ; the stoping skipped full old ages in between paragraphs. A more minor complain is about the names. It took me half the book to recognize that Winnie and Fred is the same individual, and that it is a miss. But about three quarters of the manner through the book, Irwin adopts the nickname Winnie, with no account behind it. This book besides has a batch of reasonably unneeded spots to it, apparently in order to give the characters more credibility. A multi portion â€Å" History of My Dad † written by Irwin serves to give the Papa character a back narrative that is n't truly needed. There are besides several interviews with celebrated baseball participants. All in all, this book may be a good read for the history partisans, but I do n't believe that the mean Joe would happen it really appealing.

Evolution of Medicare Essay

Abstract The article briefly describes about the Medicare and its benefits. The article also explains the loopholes in the Medicare policy and why it lacks certain vital aspects. Finally in the concluding remarks I have explained the gray areas where the Medicare needs some rectification and improvement to help serve its purpose. Evolution of Medicare According to the US Department of Health and Human Services, Medicare is stated as a health insurance program for people aged 65 years and above or people with disabilities but under 65 years of age and/or people suffering from end-stage renal disease such as permanent kidney failure. Diane Rowland stated that Medicaid originated based on companion legislation enacted in 1965 providing â€Å"federal matching grants to states to finance care.† According to Tricia Neuman, Medicare covers about 41 million people with 35 million elderly and 6 million disabled below 65 years of age. Medicare can be classified into following parts: Part A – Inpatient hospital care and limited skilled nursing care Part B – Physician services and other outpatient hospital services Part C – HMO’s and other private care (Combination of Part A and Part B) Part D – Outpatient prescription drug coverage.   The US Department of Health and Human Services stated that an individual is eligible for Medicare if S/he or spouse has been employed for a minimum of â€Å"10 years in a Medicare covered government employment† and is 65 years or above and a permanent resident cum citizen of the US. An individual below 65 years of age but suffering from a disability or end-stage renal disease would also qualify to avail of Medicare services. According to the National Medicare Commission some of the important points to be noted are as follows: Without reform Part A of trust fund is bound to become bankrupt in the year 2008. Medicare beneficiaries are already paying 30% of their health care costs from their pockets for items such as premiums, services and products not covered under Medicare. The Annual Medicare expenditure is expected to rise in the range of $2.2 trillion to $3 trillion by 2030. Consequently the Medicare spending would occupy a â€Å"larger part of the federal budget† and funding for other important programs like national defense, justice, health and safety and environmental protection will potentially get affected. According to Holly Sklar, besides being costly the US ranks 29th in World Health Organization healthy life expectancy rankings and sad to note that US is behind 36 other countries in child mortality of age less than five years. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) the United States topped with a 15% spending of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on health in 2003 in comparison to an average of 8.6% spending in 30 other OECD countries. Despite the fact that US tops among the OECD countries in spending from its GDP, some of the startling facts are that it has lesser number of physicians, nurses and hospital beds per person and fewer MRI and CT scanners than an average OECD nation. â€Å"Lack of health insurance is killing many more Americans than terrorism.† After a brief discussion about Medicare, it is clear that reforms need to take place on an immediate basis to avoid bankruptcy of Part A of trust fund and the steps seem to be moving in a right direction with regard to charging higher premiums to those with higher incomes, thus bringing in equality in treatments. A flaw rectified recently was in respect of outpatient drug benefit, but there needs to be some more improvement so as to provide long term care and also provide hearing aids, eyeglasses and dental care. References Medicare Eligibility Tool. The US Department of Health and Human Services. Page retrieved from: http://www.medicare.gov/MedicareEligibility/home.asp?dest=NAV%7CHome%7CGeneralEnrollment&version=default&browser=IE%7C7%7CWinXP&language=English Diane Rowland. Medicaid: The Basics (2005). Kaiser Commission on Medicaid. Powerpoint presentation available on: http://www.kaiseredu.org/tutorials/medicaidbasics/medicaid.html Tricia Neuman. Medicare 101 (2005). The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Powerpoint presentation available on: http://www.kaiseredu.org/tutorials/Medicare%20101/Medicare101.html National Medicare Commission. The Facts About Medicare. National Bipartisan Commission on the Future of Medicare. Page retrieved from: http://medicare.commission.gov/medicare/factpage4.html Holly Sklar. Time for Health Care for All on Medicare’s 40th Anniversary (2005). Politics of Health. page retrieved from: http://politicsofhealth.org/main/time_for_health_care_for_all_on_medicare_s_40th_anniversary

Money Changes People

Money Changes People There was a time period were I was very wealthy, were I can get mostly everything I wanted. My family and I would go to Vegas every single weekend and when it came to my birthday we would go to chucky cheese but not just any chucky cheese, we would go to Beverly Hills chucky cheese. Well one day all of that went down hill, my father got obsessed in buying any random shit from the store that we didn’t even need he would always say â€Å"we’ll need this one day† but that one day never came.It was a hot summer day when our payment of our house but now we couldn’t even pay because we ran out of money just because my dad, but I wouldn’t blame him only because I would buy some random game that wasn’t even worth buy it and I didn’t play it all. Well there was only 3 more days to pay or the police would come and I panicked and I call my mom and dad over so I can talk to them. I tell them in a very confident tone â€Å"um, so I’ve been thinking why don’t we steel the bank down the block by olive garden, you the place we used to eat in very special days? I was scared to what they would say but they say what I wanted them to say â€Å"well that’s our only choice to do son since that’s the fastest thing to do. † That reply satisfied my life. The next day we go very early because we didn’t want anybody to hurt in any way. My dad knows a guy who can give us some bulletproof vests and a rifle and a handgun. â€Å"I’m very nervous† said my mom in a scared tone. â€Å"C’mon mom we can do this just don’t bother with vault cause they have a chemical where it throws blue ink at your face so just stick with the tellers. â€Å"Ok son lets do this, are you ready? What about you Hun? † â€Å"Yes mom I’m ready†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I’m also ready, lets get this over with†¦Ã¢â‚¬  we go in side and there are no people but the manager and a co-worker, so that was the best moment to get in. my dad and I scream out â€Å"put your hands up and get on the floor† we tell the police inside to drop the gun and give it to me. He failed to do so, so I shoot him in the leg and drops down to the floor he quickly tries to shoot me but I stopped him and shot him in the head and all you see is the brain on the wall dropping down slowly.My mom told me to go and take the money, and I put on my gloves on and I go to the tellers, they only had 400,000 dollars which didn’t fill us up so we decide to go to the vault and we take 3. 5 million dollars, I didn’t know why they had so much money but then 5 min. later we left the place and then the bus guy who would collect the money comes and see’s the dead guy on the floor, he decides to call the police but before he did that my dad gets his rifle and shoots him right in the heart.My mom and my dad said something at the same time â€Å" lets hide the bodies and leave but before we did that we hear a loud bang and it was the co-worker who we forgot all about so we take her also and putted them into a dumpster. It’s been 3 years since that happened and we’re all gone from LA and we went to good old Washington, which my mom had a dream living there. My dad on the other he has changed a lot, now he has a job and finally got the hang of taking care of the money and how to use it and how to buy the right things we needed. Hi son do you remember what happened 3 years ago? † â€Å"How can I not remember that, that was the best day of my life, I had so much fun except those people we killed. † â€Å"Yes I guess it was fun. † Now it’s been 10 years since that happened and now we’re wealthier than the richest man in Washington. Why, would you ask? Its simple, my dad created the anti theft alarm for cars and stores and even a bank.He got the idea of this 2 years ago when he said â€Å"Ià ¢â‚¬â„¢m going to create this so no other dumbass would do the same shit we did† â€Å"I agree dad you should create this† â€Å"yes Hun we would make a very good investment. † Well it was a great success and he made 1. 2 trillion dollars. I told my dad that I wanted to help the poor and people who don’t have enough money to even survive one day and he gave me a positive answer â€Å"yes son go ahead here’s 2 million dollars, go do a good thing with that money. â€Å"Thank you dad I love you† â€Å"I love too son. † The very next day I went out to the streets and gave every homeless person 100 dollars and made an organization of helping the poor a gave the rest that I have and gave everyone in Africa food and supplies to survive. That lasted 5 years and the closing of my organization I made a speech and it went like this â€Å"hi kids, family and parents, I here to say that I’m very happy to what happen a few years ago when I started all of this.All of you here are maybe asking your, why did he do this? Well I did this because I went through this when I was younger and me and my family were starving and we had to survive, umm I prefer you to read my book I made called â€Å"my survival story† thank you for time and good bye. So my life has changed and my dad and my mom are busy going around the world helping people while I stay here and try to survive another day like anybody would do.

MCdonald vs Taco Bell Essay

Since the last decades the fast-food industry has been developing rapidly and has effectively penetrated majority of the market internationally. MC Donald, started in 1954, is now the world leading global food service retailer generating a revenue of 28.11 billion U.S dollars in 2013 (MC Donald’s revenue 2013). Contrarily, due to the poor managerial function, Taco Bell , an American chain of fast food restaurants founded in 1962, hits upon a weak sales during 2000 (Taco Bell corporation). This essay will discuss about the different managerial skills namely planning, organizing, leading and controlling adopted by these two organizations. Planning refers to the most important means, which one must use to ensure success of an organization (Wren, Bredeian and Breeze 2002, 906-918). Changing their Big Mac into Maharaja Mac show how Mc Donald is being actively engaged in building strong customer relations. In comparising, Taco Bell were not respecting the quality of their product as it contained genetically modified corn which results in lower sales (Dorey 2000, 1136-7) Organizing are building strong labour forced to help the business to perform in a competitive way. In order to make improvements, MC Donald focus mainly on training his workforce professionally, they also delivered training programs up to 40 languages to help employees to adapt to different cultures. Taco Bell, in 1988 due to his poor labour management, sales were being lost (Hueter and Swart 1998, 75-91) Leading is the use of influence to motivate employees to achieve organizational goals (Richard Daft, quoted in Rysward Barnat, 2014). Donald Thompson, CEO of MC Donald, has led the company thought a very competitive period and maintains their market share. Taco Bell was engaged in infringing stage laws as they were not paying employees who work overtime for them (New York Times 1997). Controlling is an ongoing process which determines whether the film on target towards its goals. MC Donald make their employees work according to standards. Each franchise must abide the severe supplier policies. Taco Bell following a pressure campaign launched against them, they had to increase the wages of the farm workers who supply them tomatoes. Through strict and clear approaches under the winning leadership and planning of Donald Thompson, the CEO of MC Donald has created a good image for the company and therefore these results in loyal customers. Conversely, Taco Bell with his poor managerial skills,  they suffer a lot from weak sales for their products. A perfect combination of the four management function of Fayol has been the key driver behind the success of MC Donald.

Business Organization Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Organization Analysis - Essay Example ector, the organizations would experience major turbulence in their performance and hence, require experimenting new strategies to cross the barriers, for remaining successful.(Milliken & Lant, 1991)† (Miller et al., 1998). On the operational level, T-mobile would require utilizing strategic planning objectives, which react to the changes in the industry and reflect to same in an effective manner, as the industry faces instability and uncertainty. However, for the industries belonging to stable industrial sector, the strategic planning objectives, on operational level, would mean maintaining the operational status quo, while ensuring the positive growth for the company. Subsequent to government deregulations, T-mobile has been able to formulate a stimulated dynamic business environment in United States, while the company aims at forming strategy to stay ahead by providing excellent products and services to the consumers. Accordingly, it appears that the company is functioning well, in terms of strategic, planning and operational levels, as the company is offering innovative products, considering the rapidly changing customer preferences, while aiming to remain better, cheaper and faster, when compared to its competitors. In this direction, two models of mobile phone, brand-named as â€Å"sidekick† has many innovative features, including â€Å"Myspace† application, while making the mobile as the ultimate messaging device. In addition, high definition LCD technology with a large WQVGA screen can be witnessed in â€Å"Sidecick LX† model. (T-mobile, 2009) However, the company seems to be still facing tough competition from American Wireless operators like Verizon and AT&T, as it may require doing more, on operational level for matching their market share. While control is the function of planning process, T-mobile needs better coordination between control and planning, to achieve the above goal, as the company is no-where near the top wireless companies in America, in

Learning Disabiities Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Learning Disabiities - Research Paper Example The researcher believes that if teachers, parents and the community worked with each other then and only then will people’s scores would increase. The researcher learned that there is a wealth of knowledge within her co-workers; especially, when it comes to the modifications with the students this research shared in people’s classes. People’s common goals were and still are the success of people’s students. However, schools do not see it that way. Unfortunately, what the school sees and wants is not always the same thing. This researcher will continue to monitor her student’s progress on the standardized tests, continue with the modifications within her classroom and continue working with the inclusion teachers. This was a great experience for her. This research is so caught up in people’s own world (being people’s classroom) this research cannot see what anyone else is doing. Month 1 Week 1 Who observes Observe students writing assess ment within the classroom. Assign writing assignments. Are you using assessment and assignment interchangeably? Either go to my post during week 1 or apply the directions from the Student Handbook. Be sure you are reading all posts in the Main and Course Materials forum. Several aspects of this assignment indicate you’ve not read a number of my posts. ... Week 2 Check students schedule (enrolled in an after school program). Grades from first progress report. Remediation classes for repeated failures. Week 3 GA High School Writing test will be administered this week. Week 4 Continue with the writing sessions incorporated within my classes. Month 3 Week 1 Continue with the writing sessions incorporated within my classes. Week 2 Meeting with English/Literature teacher reviewing writing samples of the students after the last sample. Week 3 Attending after school program monitoring the additional remediation classes being offered after school and how many students have attended. Week 4 GHSWT administered this week Month 4 Week 1 GHSWT administered this week Week 2 Fall Break (awaiting results) Week 3 Results are back 5 out of 12 passed the test this session. However, the remaining 7 did not pass. The scores range from 187-193. Additional remediation is required. Chapter Five: Results and Recommendations Problem Statement High school studen ts with learning disabilities who are placed in inclusive education classes do not show year to year progress on standardized tests. Goals and Expectation The goal of this study is for high school students to show passing scores on standardized tests and show year-to-year progress on the GHSGT (i.e. Georgia High School Graduation Test). During this process, teachers will closely monitor the students’ progress every three weeks. Progress reports will be given to each student, and any student who has below a 75, the parents will be notified. Another goal for this study is for students to join the after school programs in order to get the extra remediation they will need to pass the class and successfully pass the

The Cold War Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Cold War - Coursework Example During the Cold War where communism spread rapidly in Eastern Europe, China, and Korea the United States were forced to increase noticeably its defense spending. As a result of this increase the power of Military-Industrial complex grew which led to the growth of the middle class in the United States. The US foreign policy and its effect of domestic policy are given below. On March 12, 1947 while addressing the Congress President Harry Truman put forth The Truman Doctrine, "The United States will defend free people and their free institutions at any place at any point in the world where outside communist aggression threatens that nation's internal stability."The Truman Doctrine led to US following a Policy of Containment to deal with the spread of communist regimes, and the policy required the US to react to Soviet initiatives. This policy gave the president too much military power too and since the Truman Doctrine, many US military actions have been undertaken by and with the backin g of a presidential address. Because the need of the quick and on time response to the foreign crisis cannot be undermined and left unattended until the congress decides, example, after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941, President Roosevelt appeared before Congress to request a declaration of war.

Using examples, describe and critically assess how key decisions Essay

Using examples, describe and critically assess how key decisions relating to international strategic activity may be influenced by cognitive bias - Essay Example However, to influence international customers to purchase goods or services from foreign nation needs a well-developed marketing strategy to access them as a way to generate new growth. For example, since a business management cannot employ salespeople globally, it has to use modern communication means as a way to access foreign customers via internet. The literate level on internet use by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) of a nation influences the ability to communicate with customers in international markets to generate sales. Internet offers sellers and buyers an opportunity to interact internationally via business-established websites and e-mail in business activities easing business transactions of goods and services internationally at a low cost an over a long period compared to employing salespeople globally. Prominent customers can be obtained via the influence of online advertisements on the product offered by different businesses globally hence easy to create new market internationally(Aaker 238-241). Moreover, an international business strategy on market penetration can be influenced by the ability of a business firm to conduct market research to identify its weakness and strength and concentrate on strengthening its weaknesses. However, cognitive ability of a business firm internationallyplays an important role on the success of market research. Market research helps to determine the pace and race in the growth of international market. For example, language barrier adversely affects communication and poor communication affects a business ability to influence customers to purchase their products. Therefore, the ability of a business firm to access the market field and come up with problems leading to poor performance in the international market and how to solve these problems depends on the knowledge, skills and

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 5

International Business - Essay Example They played a major role in the integration of developing countries in to the multilateral trade. Their trade diversified through the flexible rules created under the treaties. The WTO aims at promotion of business involving importation and exportation of goods and services amongst members. According to (Barry 2008), â€Å"80% of the WTO members are from the developing countries†. They have been joining the organization at an increasing rate since 1995 and at present, the number has risen to 140. They derive a variety of benefits from being members of the organization, which on the other hand has enhanced liberalization of the domestic market, thereby facilitating economic development. The developing nations are currently classified as complete and active members of the bilateral trading arrangement. They are usually free to make claims due to their obligation for making concessions. Their demands are usually given the first priority due to the fact that they comprise the majority of the WTO members. This essay is a critical evaluation of the extent to which the WTO has benefited the economic growth of developing countries by enabling them to engage free trade. Some aspects of free trade have been discussed. The trade that is conducted between nations with minimum restrictions has played a significant role in boosting economic growth within developing countries. It has led to the establishment of free trade areas, which helps them in minimizing the cost of trade through market expansion. Tariffs and restrictions in terms of quotas are usually minimal in the free trade area. More over, countries within the free trade area are allowed to trade with other countries outside the system due to non-existence of a common policy in regard to trading outside it. The WTO has been successful in promoting free trade, significantly

Asssigment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Asssigment - Essay Example The management regularly deducts the pension contributions from the employee’s salaries. Another pension plan version occurs when the company contributes the entire amount to a lump sum pension fund account. Consequently, the employee can select a plan that generates a higher retirement benefit return. Investing in a riskier pension fund will increase retirement benefit returns. The employee can also choose another plan where the investments are funneled into a safer fund that generates a lesser benefit return (Kieso et al., 2006). Additionally, the employee can choose to receive the retirement amount in one lump amount or the employee can decide to receive the retirement amount in equal monthly installment amounts. The second method allows the retiree to receive the monthly retirement benefits throughout one’s lifetime (Kieso et al, 2006, p. 1244). Funding principles. The fund is also classified as a plan. The fund entity is a separate agency that manages companiesâ₠¬â„¢ pension plans. The fund entity receives the money invested by the company. When the employee retires, the fund company distributes the pension and other retirement benefits. The employer contributes to the pension fund and generates earnings. The employee receives benefits as pension fund recipients. The fund agency accumulates the employers’ contributions as either contributory or noncontributory (Kieso et al., 2006, p. 1244). Defined benefit plan. The defined benefit plan includes the amount of benefits that the employees will receive when they decide or are forced to retire. The state requires that employees are mandatorily required to retire when they reach a certain age. The company allocates a regular amount for the employees’ retirement benefit plan. The benefits are based on the employee’s total pension fund contributions. Likewise, the retirement amounts are based on the salaries of the employees. Employees with higher salaries will receive higher pension retirement benefits when compared to the salaries of the lower ranking line and staff employees (Kieso et al., 2006, p. 1211). Defined contribution plans. Under this plan, the employer contributes a regular amount to the pension trust. A formula is used to decide the monthly contributions. The formula incorporates the number of years of the employee’s work, the company’s business profits, and the salary. The plan indicates the amount that the employers will contribute to the plan. However, the plan does not indicate the amount that the employees will receive as retirement benefits. An example is the 401 (k) plan (Kieso et al., 2006, p. 1244). Pension fund allocation. In terms of the formulation, different companies allocate different pension expense amounts for different pension fund budgets. During 2009, General Motor’s $98,527 pension fund required a $3,405 pension expense. During 2009, the Coca Cola Company’s $3,032 pension fund amounts require d a $218 pension expense budget. During the same accounting period, the Merck company’s $10,835 pension fund needed a $407 pension fund expense (Kieso et al., 2009, p. 1211). Components of pension expense. In terms of formulation, accounting for pension funds entails allocating the cost of the retirement funds to the appropriate accounting period. The service cost forms a part of the pension expense total. The interest on the liability should be added

How does globalization affect financial markets Research Paper

How does globalization affect financial markets - Research Paper Example This is because globalization has created a wide-ranging affects in the financial markets of various economies. This essay will focus on the quantitative and qualitative analysis of globalization of the financial sector. The essay will use descriptive statistics to conduct the quantitative analysis. The paper will explain the impact of globalization in the capital, investment and the exchange rate market. The studies of the essay will help the researcher analyze the advantages and disadvantages of globalization in the global financial market. It will show how a single change in the financial market of one nation in the current world can affect the market conditions of all the other economies. Contents Contents 3 Introduction 4 Situation Analysis 5 Conclusion 17 References 18 Introduction The report will throw a light on the impact of globalization in the financial market. In order to implicitly analyze this statement, the paper will utilize both theoretical and technical tools of res earch analysis. After completing the analysis, the researcher will conclude with the empirical analysis. This is the era of globalization and liberalization. Globalization is the process that involves the international integration between the nations that takes place from the interchange of ideas, products, world views and culture between nations. In the contemporary world, the economic development of any economy is not possible without the effective contribution of globalization. Any development in the transportation, communication or internet segment of the market is only feasible with the contribution of globalization. This process has helped countries augment the living standard of individuals and substantially helped them to experience the usage of new goods and services. The growth of business activities in the modern economies has shown the requirement for contribution of financial sectors. The financial segment of any country includes the commercial banks, non-banking financ ial institutions and the central banks of the countries (Kang & Paper, 2007). The globalization process has largely influenced the performance of the financial sectors of different countries. The exchange rates now are flexible in order to compete and cope up with the machineries of globalization. Globalization in the world economy has facilitated large capital flows between countries. The monetary authorities between nations are largely entangled with each other due to the globalized state of affairs in the contemporary market system. Capital rising, globalization of the equity markets, domination of the financial sectors in different economies and maximization of the investment returns are all the functions that have enveloped the current world market due to the emergence of globalization. The integration of the financial system between countries has only taken place due to globalization (Baldwin, 1999). Situation Analysis Financial Market in the Modern Economies: The financial ma rket refers to the markets where the trade involves financial securities or commodities. The transactions are made at low cost and the prices at which the transactions are made reflect the demand and supply of such financial products. The banking and non-banking financial institutions that facilitate the trading of such financial products are also included in the financial markets. There are a lot of activities in the financial

letter writing Essay Example for Free

letter writing Essay The article is about the use of letter writing within the therapeutic context of counseling among the adolescents. According to the article, note writing and passing is common among adolescents because it function as an outlet to test their new ideas and behaviors while receiving their peer’s feedback. It also provides a place for them to implement their emerging self concept and connect with their peers as they connect with their peers as they develop their autonomy.   Article also discussed the advantage of letter writing compared to a conversation. Obviously, a spoken word may fade over time but written words are more permanent. The author also mentioned the uses of letter in counseling such as correspondence between counselor and client, elaboration of important elements of discussions that occurred during the sessions, client empowerment through altered personal narratives, and identification of client strengths. Meanwhile, the author also explained the theoretical basis for the use of letter writing. One of the theory that the author links to letter writing is the Morita Therapy. France, Cadieax, and Allen (1995) conceptualize letter writing as an opportunity for counseling to take place without disruption of the individuals everyday life through traditionally scheduled counseling sessions. The other on is the narrative therapy which allow both the counselor and adolescent client to benefit from letter-writing techniques. On the other hand, the most important part of the article is the guidelines for using letter writing intervention among adolescents. First, look for exceptions to the problem and unique outcomes. Then, assume that the adolescent has strengths and resources. Lastly, problems should be externalized through the use of language. Finally, the author discussed about the types of therapeutics letter before she reached the conclusion.   These are letters between counselors and clients, letters from counselors to clients, letters from clients to themselves. Victoria E White, Melissa A Murray. Journal of Mental Health Counseling. Alexandria:Apr 2002. Vol. 24, Iss. 2, p. 166-176 (11 pp.)

Eddie Lyons Essay Example for Free

Eddie Lyons Essay The musical play Blood Brothers, written by Willy Russell, is the story of twins separated at birth. Mrs Johnstone, a working-class Liverpudlian mother of seven children, agrees to give one of the twins she is expecting to her wealthy but barren employer, Mrs Lyons. The infant kept, Mickey Johnstone, grows up in poverty while his twin, Eddie Lyons, enters a privileged life. Bound by fear of discovery, and superstition that should either of the boys learn he has a twin, both will die on that day, so the mothers keep the exchange secret. Completely unaware that they are brothers, Mickey and Eddie meet as seven-year-old children and form friendship that lasts until the day they die. It is that concluding tragic event in fact, that is the opening scene of the play, which then backtracks to recount their separate and interwoven lives of success and despair. Willy Russell wrote Blood Brothers in the 1960s. He was born in 1947, in Whiston which is just outside Liverpool, and has based the story here around his own experiences. He grew up in Liverpool in a working class family, singing in clubs to earn a living and at the age of 22 he worked in a warehouse to raise money for college. He was confronted even from an early age with the injustice of the two-class society. Thus there are clear biographical parallels to the character of Mickey. He was also influenced by females during his life thus the strong relations to the mother in this work. Liverpool in those days was split according to social class. This means people in that time were divided along the lines of being rich and poor, the educated and non-educated etc. Liverpool has been the home to one of the highest levels of unemployment in the developed world, with over 25% of the workforce out of a job, and it is important to consider this when taking account of Russells depiction and own views of class and unemployment The main theme of Russells play is based on this social class difference although there are strong elements of fate and destiny, superstition, surrogacy, childhood and adolescence, humour and tragedy. Blood Brothers is more than a simple morality tale of twin brothers separated as infants, who, after radically different upbringings, reunite (oblivious of their blood bond) as closest friends. It also focuses on two very different mothers, one-the birth mother- unselfishly giving and accepting, while the others love is neurotic, stifling and ultimately destructive. These two mothers lived all their lives close or near to each other, but in terms of class they lived miles apart. Mrs. Johnstone a single and working class woman is earning a meagre living as a cleaning lady at the home of the affluent Mrs. Lyons. We are first introduced to Mrs. Johnstone, who describes her experience of a halfhearted marriage and the arrival of her numerous children. It is with a bittersweet attitude of acceptance that she explains the moment her husband deserts her, the costs of living for which she has little means and the news that she is expecting not one more mouth to feed but two. Mrs. Lyons does not need to go to work, only shopping. In contrast to this Mrs. Johnstone cannot even pay the milkman, she says, I said, I said, look, next week Ill pay y. We see the contrast of social classes between Mrs. Johnstones home and the home in which she cleans, the home of Mr. and Mrs. Lyons. Whilst the home of the Johnstones plays host to the constant clamour of childhood Games and battles, Mrs. Lyons is often alone whilst Mr. Lyons is on business, in an impeccable house that suffers somewhat from a cold and sterile atmosphere. The opening scenes develop this theme. All through the play we see significant differences between Mrs. Lyons and Mrs. Johnstone. In the beginning the Narrator describes Mrs. Johnstone as the mother, so cruel but this is not actually what he means. For instance, the fact that Mrs. Johnstone allows the boys to go to the cinema to watch the Swedish Au Pairs film could be seen as negligent, and we know that Mrs. Lyons would have definitely not been so liberal. In reality we see that Mrs. Johnstone has a better understanding and acceptance of the fact that young boys will be sexually curious and she does not try to suppress their curiosity. She is depicted as a down to earth and the more approachable mother- she of course gains instant credibility with her two sons. This incident also exemplifies that happiness when growing up is not assured by social status or wealth. Instead of viewing Mrs. Johnstone as a cruel character, we are lead to sympathise with her dilemma. We see her handle her house full of children with endless patience and tenderness. Despite being trapped by her social position and her lack of funds, she is down to earth and does not see money as the answer to her problems. We see her refuse money (for giving her child away) from the desperate Mrs. Lyons MRS LYONS: Thousands Im talking about thousands if you want it, and think what you could do with money like that. MRS JOHNSTONE: Id spend it. Id buy more junk and trash; thats all. I dont want your money. Ive made a life here. Its not much of one maybe, but I made it. In contrast, Mrs. Lyons is very aware of her social position and the above scene indicates that she sees money as a solution to the problem of Mrs. Johnstone. Mrs. Lyons is also portrayed as a cold woman who doesnt show much emotion. She is very over-protective of Eddie and fears his bond with the Johnstones. Later in the play this fear becomes more evident and she appears as a troubled, weird character that appears to be losing control this is evident when she attempts to attack Mrs. Johnstone with a kitchen knife. Mrs. Johnstone is very strong not only physically but also psychologically. She is not a person who cries for help and gets depressed and upset if something goes wrong. An example of this is highlighted on the way she copes ( laying on a smile for him ) with the judge when Sammy gets into trouble. In contrast to this Mrs. Lyons asks for help from her husband every time she has difficulty. She gets depressed very easily e. g. when Eddie isnt in the garden because he went away to play with Mickey, so Mrs. Lyons forces her husband to leave work during the day to find Eddie. She also runs away from problems whenever she can, rather than dealing with them e.g. she was prepared to move homes to split Eddie from Mickey.