How Conservative Hollywood Became a Liberal Town

How Conservative Hollywood Became a Liberal Town While it might appear as if Hollywood has consistently been liberal, it hasn’t. Not very many individuals today understand that at one point in the advancement of American film, traditionalists governed the film making industry. Santa Clause Monica College Professor Larry Ceplair, co-creator of The Inquisition in Hollywood, composed that during the ‘20s and ‘30s, most studio heads were traditionalist Republicans who burned through a huge number of dollars to square association and society sorting out. Similarly, the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees, the Moving Picture Machine Operators, and the Screen Actors Guild were totally headed by preservationists, too. Embarrassments and Censorship In the mid 1920s, a progression of embarrassments shook Hollywood. As indicated by creators Kristin Thompson and David Bordwell, quiet film star Mary Pickford separated from her first spouse in 1921 with the goal that she could wed the alluring Douglas Fairbanks. Soon thereafter, Roscoe â€Å"Fatty† Arbuckle was blamed (yet later cleared) of assaulting and killing a youthful on-screen character during a wild gathering. In 1922, after executive William Desmond Taylor was discovered killed, the open educated of his offensive relationships with some of Hollywood’s most popular entertainers. The last bit of excess that will be tolerated came in 1923, when Wallace Reid, a roughly attractive on-screen character, passed on of a morphine overdose. In themselves, these occurrences were a reason for sensation however taken together, studio supervisors stressed they would be blamed for advancing impropriety and extravagance. As it might have been, various dissent bunches had effectively campaigned Washington and the government was hoping to force control rules on the studios. As opposed to losing control of their item and face the association of the administration, the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of American (MPPDA) employed Warren Harding’s Republican postmaster general, Will Hays, to address the issue. The Hays Code In their book, Thompson and Bordwell state Hays engaged the studios to expel questionable substance from their movies and in 1927, he gave them a rundown of material to keep away from, called the â€Å"Don’ts and Be Carefuls† list. It secured most extramarital perversion and the delineation of crime. In any case, by the mid 1930s, a significant number of the things on Hays’ list were being overlooked and with Democrats controlling Washington, it appeared to be more probable than at any other time that a restriction law would be actualized. In 1933, Hays pushed the film business to embrace the Production Code, which unequivocally denies portrayals of wrongdoing system, sexual depravity. Movies that comply with the code got a seal of endorsement. In spite of the fact that the â€Å"Hays Code,† as it came to be known helped the business dodge stiffer control at the national level, it started to disintegrate in the late 40s and early ‘50s. The House Un-American Activities Committee In spite of the fact that it was not viewed as un-American to feel for the Soviets during the 1930s or during World War II, when they were American partners, it was viewed as un-American when the war was finished. In 1947, Hollywood learned people who had been thoughtful to the socialist reason during those early years ended up being explored by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and examined concerning their â€Å"communist activities.† Ceplair brings up that the traditionalist Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals gave the panel names of supposed subversives. Individuals from the coalition affirmed before the advisory group as friendly† witnesses. Other â€Å"friendlies,†, for example, Jack Warner of Warner Bros. what's more, on-screen characters Gary Cooper, Ronald Reagan, and Robert Taylor either fingered others as â€Å"communists† or communicated worry over liberal substance in their contents. Following a four-year suspension of the board finished in 1952, previous socialists and Soviet supporters, for example, on-screen characters Sterling Hayden and Edward G. Robinson kept themselves in the clear by naming others. The vast majority of the individuals named were content scholars. Ten of them, who affirmed as â€Å"unfriendly† witnesses got known as the â€Å"Hollywood Ten† and were boycotted †viably finishing their professions. Ceplair takes note of that following the hearings, organizations, and associations cleansed nonconformists, radicals, and liberals from their positions, and throughout the following 10 years, the shock gradually started to disperse. Progressivism Seeps Into Hollywood Due to some degree to a reaction against manhandles executed by the House Un-American Activities Committee, and to some degree to a milestone Supreme Court managing in 1952 proclaiming movies to be a type of free discourse, Hollywood started to gradually change. By 1962, the Production Code was practically toothless. The recently framed Motion Picture Association of America executed a rating framework, which despite everything stands today. In 1969, after the discharge of Easy Rider, coordinated by liberal-turned-conservative Dennis Hopper, counter-culture films started to show up in noteworthy numbers. By the mid-1970s, more seasoned chiefs were resigning, and another age of movie producers was developing. By the late 1970s, Hollywood was straightforwardly and explicitly liberal. In the wake of making his last movie in 1965, Hollywood chief John Ford recognized what would be inevitable. â€Å"Hollywood now is controlled by Wall St. what's more, Madison Ave., who request ‘Sex and Violence,’† writer Tag Gallagher cites him as writing in his book, â€Å"This is against my inner voice and religion.† Hollywood Today Things are very little unique today. In a 1992 letter to the New York Times, screenwriter and playwright Jonathan R. Reynoldsâ lamentâ that â€Å"†¦ Hollywood today is as fascistic toward preservationists as the 1940s and 50s wereâ liberals †¦ And that goes for the films and TV programs produced.† It goes past Hollywood, as well, Reynolds contends. Indeed, even the New York theater network is wild with progressivism. â€Å"Any play that recommends that prejudice is a two-way road or that communism is corrupting basically wont be produced,† Reynolds composes. â€Å"I oppose you to name any plays delivered over the most recent 10 years that cleverly uphold traditionalist thoughts. Make that 20 years.† The exercise Hollywood despite everything has not educated, he says, is that suppression of thoughts, paying little heed to political influence, â€Å"should not be uncontrolled in the arts.† The foe is restraint itself.

High Schools vs Universities Essay

Entering a college is a significant and capable advance for each youngster, and as often as possible it is associated with clear mental inconvenience and fears. Numerous secondary school seniors fear potential challenges and issues, which can emerge in another condition of college. This work is an endeavor to look at and analyze the most significant contrasts between concentrating in a secondary school and concentrating in a college. The first and the most noteworthy contrast is obligation. In secondary schools, educators or guardians for the most part help understudies to remember their obligations, do the whole planning activity and offer consents to join unique exercises, just as direct and right students’ practices. Be that as it may, in colleges, understudies should be sufficiently developed to bear all the obligations regarding dealing with own time, carrying on appropriately and settling on own choices. Another distinction is association of classes and instructive procedure. In secondary schools, classes are sorted out for understudies and generally incorporate up to 35 understudies. In colleges, understudies have individual timetables and classes can incorporate up to 100 individuals. In secondary schools, understudies study 30 hours per week and are furnished with the course readings, be that as it may, in colleges, understudies concentrate around 16 hours per week and are not given the reading material. At long last, outside arrangement is one progressively urgent contrast. Regularly, secondary school understudies go through under 2 hours per week for getting their work done, which normally incorporates short and very simple assignments. In colleges, it is important to read least 2 hours for each 1 hour of class work, and schoolwork incorporates getting ready research projects and genuine examines, just as ordinary overhauling of the material. Positively, there are an extraordinary number of different contrasts among colleges and secondary schools, which incorporate the issues of tests, grades, showing techniques, etc. It is irrefutable that comprehension and getting familiar with these main contrasts can be exceptionally useful for all secondary school seniors for dealing with their feelings of trepidation and accomplishing a smoother progress.

whats happening at SIPA next week COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

whats happening at SIPA next week COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog SIPA events are held each week but it begins to slow down around now as students get ready for exams and the winter break.   Events will be back in full swing in January.   But to keep you engaged for another week, below are some upcoming events at SIPA.   Guests are welcomed. MONDAY, DECEMBER 09, 2013 A New World of Migration and Development: A Discussion with Ambassador William Swing 12:00 pm to 1:15 pm, International Affairs Building, Room 1512 A discussion with Ambassador William Swing.  Moderated by Professor Michael Doyle. Sponsor: Columbia Global Policy Initiative, Center on Global Governance at Columbia Law School MONDAY, DECEMBER 09, 2013 Augmented Humanity, Drones, Self-Driving Cars, Furbys, and Robot Politics: Freedom and Security in the Robotics Age 12:15 pm to 2:00 pm, International Affairs Building, Room 1302 Camille François, Visiting Scholar, Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies and moderator Sean Lonergan, Captain, US Army and Ph.D. Candidate in Political Science, Columbia will debate current research and discuss freedom and security in the robotics age. Sponsor: Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies MONDAY, DECEMBER 09, 2013 Jamesian Precisions in Natsume Soseki: Contending with Light and Dark 6:30 pm to 7:30 pm, Kent Hall, Room 403 Lecture with John Nathan, Takashima Professor of Japanese Cultural Studies, Department of East Asian Languages and Cultural Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara. No registration required. Sponsor: Weatherhead East Asian Institute TUESDAY, DECEMBER 10, 2013 The Seminar on Modern Europe 4:00 pm to 6:00 pm, Fayerweather Hal, Room 302 We will also host our last seminar of the semester with Anton Hemerjick, Professor of Social Sciences at the University of Amsterdam. He will discuss fault lines in European social models and will address the current Euro crisis, welfare reform, and the future of affordable social investment. Sponsor: Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies THURSDAY, DECEMBER 12, 2013 Development Workshop: Stelios Michalopoulos 4:15 pm to 5:45 pm, International Affairs Building, Room 1101 As part of Columbia Universitys Fall 2013 Development Workshop, Stelios Michalopoulos, Assistant Professor of Economics at Brown University, will discuss his latest work. Sponsor: Center for Development Economics and Policy FRIDAY, DECEMBER 13, 2013 Diversity Symposium: Public Policy: A Global Prospective 12:00 pm to 7:00 pm, International Affairs Building, Kellogg Center SIPA Alumni panel and SIPA student led policy roundtable discussions.   Please RSVP. Sponsor: SIPA Admissions Financial Aid Office Click here to see more events on the SIPA Calendar.

Dual Supply Chain - 1824 Words

Introduction Benetton is an Italian brand created in 1965 by Benetton family. Its core business is clothing and fashion wears. The Benetton group is composed by four brands specialized in different segments: †¢ United Colors of Benetton: which is a global brand well known all around the world present in different sectors like eyes wear, perfumes, accessories and every day wear. †¢ Undercolor of Benetton: which is an extension of the united color of Benetton .this brand is specialized in undergarments. †¢ Sisley is another brand of Benetton group to answer to fashion wear request. Sisley makes a special attention on design, fabrics and new ships. †¢ Play life this brand is specialized leisure wear.†¦show more content†¦It however had a few drawbacks. It required the network partners to place most of the orders around eight months in advance. At that time, most of the stores did not have much idea about the upcoming fashion trends. The feedback from the customer also was not incorporated. Problems of Benetton on the 1990’s During the 1990’s, the fashion market had changed. Offering good quality products and presenting a â€Å"cool† brand image was not enough to maintain a leading position on the fashion industry. Indeed, other competitors like ZARA and HM had appeared. These companies introduce a new concept which is the â€Å"fast fashion†. Each brands offered the opportunity for customers to discover an average of 12 collections per year. In order to guarantee a good â€Å"rotation† of their stocks, they created specific Supply Chain systems. After that, the price of clothes was affordable to seduce the most potential customers possible. Finally, for these low prices, these brands offer trendy product. Design began having a strategic importance. For instance, ZARA had approximately one hundred designers to create ZARA products. Comparatively, Benetton had an old Supply Chain management. In fact, the company only produced two collections per year. Their clothes had a too classic way: Bright colored Clothes .Price of Benetton’s clothes was high, compared to HM and ZARA products. The other big issue of the company is their way to commercialize heirShow MoreRelatedDistribution Channels4793 Words   |  20 Pageswhom they sell.1 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL There are several types of participants that make up a distribution channel, so let’s begin by listing them, as in Chapter 1 with supply chain participants. You will notice some overlap because, as also previously mentioned, retailers belong to several (or many) different supply chains, each group focused on making and marketing different products. Retailers The characteristic that sets a retailer apart from other members of its distribution channelRead MoreDist Channel3946 Words   |  16 Pagesdistribution channels facilitate the flow of goods from a producer to an organizational customer. B2B can also consist of – * producer to agent to buyer and next, * producer to agent to distributor to buyer Multiple Marketing Channels – Dual Distribution – Network that move products to a firm’s target market through more than one marketing channel. Conventional distribution channel v/s vertical and horizontal distribution channel A conventional distribution channel is a channelRead MoreFast Fashion3100 Words   |  13 PagesBergen 1997). However, results of an exploratory study (Birtwistle et al 2003) shows that the advantages of quick response strategy have not been fully understood by fashion retailers. They tend to implement quick response strategy for internal supply chain management. Moreover, Iyer and Bergen (1997) tried to use formal model to examine the impact of quick response strategy on fashion retailers. Although there is companies already adopted both strategies, limited attention has been paid to theRead MoreMaterial Flows And Inventory Policy During Military Scm1484 Words   |  6 PagesJoshua M. Lenzini in his article Anticipatory Logistics: The Army’s Answer to Supply Chain Management, â€Å"Supply chain management is similar for both corporate and military organizations. However, some significant differences are evident in these models. The first is the absence of maintenance on the corporate model. Another is that transportation, distribution, and warehousing are unidirectional in the corporate model but dual directional in the military model (see Figure 3, Lenzini, 2002)).† This backwardRead MoreA High Level View Management Structure1659 Words   |  7 Pagesrecognized as the Supply Chains. Therefore, the value of DLA Troop Support is to procure the items, with the best quality at the best price possible and delivered to whatever location needed in the planet. Since the mission is to have no profits in this process, the charges for DLA’s services is based on a concept called Cost Recovery Rate (CRR). This is to only add the costs incurred in procuring and delivering the product/service. How is the value chain managed? Each Supply Chain has a directorateRead MoreMarketing Mix Of Body Spray Essay1070 Words   |  5 Pagespersonal care product, which in most cases convenience products purchased using a routinized response. AXE body spray is also sold in many retail outlets, including places like Walmart, Kroger, and Walgreens (Walmart; Kroger; Walgreens). Also, AXE uses dual distribution to distribute its body spray, which is the use of two or more marketing channels to distribute the same products to the same target market. They do this by directly selling their products on their website, thus using a producer to consumerRead MoreWhat Is Linkage Between Upstream Supply Chains? Essay2024 Words   |  9 Pagesfurther improve the flexibility. To achieve this objective, the companies have to ensure each component in their supply chain must be designed with respect of flexibility (Borhanazad and Tran, 2012). Relevant theories reveal the linkage between upstream supply chains must be well-maintained thr ough the sourcing strategy. The sourcing strategy is determined as new evolution in supply chain management in comparison with traditional sourcing method. Previously, the companies made sourcing decisions throughRead MoreDual Approach For Information Technology Strategic Management Essay1465 Words   |  6 Pages we develop a framework for analyzing the contribution of IT in the logistics sector. We conclude that IT will contribute to competitive advantage in limited cases and that most often the â€Å"strategic necessity† hypothesis will apply. We suggest a dual approach to information technology strategic management: on one hand, the firm should develop the capability to implement efficiently some â€Å"standard† solutions on an opportunity-based approach; on the other hand, it should embed its IT system in theRead MoreArchitectural Knowledge And Modular Knowledge1489 Words   |  6 Pagesarchitecture (Henderson and Clark,1990). It also defines how different activities interface in the supp ly chain. The architectural knowledge constitutes the composition embedded within the organization. Modular knowledge contains the individual characteristics and functions in different components respectively. The knowledge of different types of product and innovation divides the different components in the supply chain. Distinguishing it from modular innovation, which is the innovation that has impact in componentsRead MoreSUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT-LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES Lucent Technology was an American multinational company2200 Words   |  9 PagesSUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT-LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES Lucent Technology was an American multinational company headquartered in New Jersey, in the United States. It was established through the divestiture of the ATT Technologies which included Western Electric and Bell Labs. Lucent Technologies are a part of well renowned USA based company American telephone and Telegraph Corporation or ATT Corporation. Lucent technologies deal in manufacturing of communication equipments. Later in 1996, it became an independent

Vietnam War Timeline

The Vietnam War (also known as the Second Indochina War and the American War in Viet Nam) was an outgrowth of conflicts between the colonizing French forces in Vietnam supported by Bao Dais Vietnamese National Army (VNA) and the communist forces led by Ho Chi Minh (the Viet Minh) and Vo Nguyen Giap. The Vietnam War itself began in 1954 when the United States and other members of the Southeast Asia Treat Organization were drawn into the conflict. It would not end until 20 years later, with the fall of Saigon to the Communists in April 1975. Vietnam War Key Takeaways The Vietnam War was one of several conflicts which began with the struggle over Indochina to overthrow the French colonial forces.  Known as the Second Indochina War, the Vietnam War officially begins when the U.S. gets involved in 1954.The first American fatality was in 1956 when an off-duty airman was shot by a colleague for talking to some children.Four U.S. Presidents oversaw the Vietnam War: Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon.The war ended when Saigon fell to the Communists, in April 1975. Background to Conflicts in Vietnam 1847: France sends warships to Vietnam, to protect Christians from the ruling emperor Gia Long 1858–1884: France invades Vietnam and makes Vietnam a colony. Procession of Indigenous Cavalry or Troops in French Indo-China (Vietnam, Aug. 1903). Corbis / Getty Images Early 20th century: Nationalism begins to rise in Vietnam, including several separate groups with different political systems. October 1930: Ho Chi Minh helps found the Indochinese Communist Party. September 1940: Japan invades Vietnam. May 1941: Ho Chi Minh establishes the Viet Minh (League for the Independence of Vietnam). September 2, 1945: Ho Chi Minh declares an independent Vietnam, called the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, and fighting begins with French forces and the VNA. December 19, 1946: All-out war breaks out between France and the Viet Minh, signaling the start of the First Indochina War. 1949: Mao Zedongs Communist Party wins the Chinese Civil War. January 1950: The Viet Minh receive military advisors and weapons from China. July 1950: The United States pledges $15 million worth of military aid to France to help its troops fight in Vietnam. 1950–1953: Communist takeover in China and the war in Korea creates concern in the West that Southeast Asia would be a dangerous Communist stronghold. The Second Indochina War Begins May 7, 1954: The French suffer a decisive defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu. July 21, 1954: The Geneva Accords creates a cease-fire for the peaceful withdrawal of the French from Vietnam and provides a temporary boundary between North and South Vietnam at the 17th parallel. The accords call for free elections in 1956; Cambodia and Laos receive their independence. South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem rides with Commissioner Richard Patterson and Chief Protocol of the State Department, Wiley T. Buchanan Jr. in a parade in New York City. Carl T. Gossett Jr / Getty Images October 26, 1955: South Vietnam declares itself the Republic of Vietnam, with newly elected Ngo Dinh Diem as president. 1956: President Diem decides against the elections required in the Geneva Accords because the North would certainly win. June 8, 1956: The first official American fatality is Air Force Technical Sergeant Richard B. Fitzgibbon, Jr., murdered by another American airman as he was talking with local children. July 1959: North Vietnams leaders pass an ordinance calling for continued socialist revolutions in the north and south. July 11, 1959: Two off-duty U.S. military advisors Major Dale Buis and Master Sergeant Chester Ovnand  are killed when a guerilla strike at Bienhoa struck their mess hall. The 1960s North Vietnamese President and communist revolutionary leader Ho Chi Minh (1890–1969, left) with Prime Minister of the Peoples Republic of China, Zhou Enlai (1898–1976) in Vietnam, 1960. Three Lions / Getty Images December 20, 1960: The insurgents in South Vietnam are formally established as the National Liberation Front (PLF), but are better known to their enemies as the Vietnamese Communists or Viet Cong for short. January 1961: John F. Kennedy takes office as the President of the United States and begins to escalate American involvement in Vietnam; two U.S. helicopter units arrive in Saigon. February 1962: A U.S.-backed strategic hamlet program in South Vietnam forcibly relocates South Vietnamese peasants to fortified settlements. June 11, 1963: A buddhist monk makes the ultimate protest in Saigon by setting himself alight. Keystone / Getty Images June 11, 1963: Buddhist monk Thich Quang Duc sets himself on fire in front of a pagoda in Saigon to protest Diems policies; the journalists photo of the death is published worldwide as The Ultimate Protest. November 2, 1963: South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem is executed during a coup. November 22, 1963: President Kennedy is assassinated; the new President Lyndon Johnson would continue the escalation. Lyndon B. Johnson takes the oath of office as President of the United States, after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy November 22, 1963. National Archives / Getty Images August 2 and 4, 1964: North Vietnamese attack two U.S. destroyers sitting in international waters (the Gulf of Tonkin Incident). August 7, 1964: In response to the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, the U.S. Congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. March 2, 1965: A sustained U.S. aerial bombing campaign of North Vietnam begins (Operation Rolling Thunder). March 8, 1965: The first U.S. combat troops arrive in Vietnam. January 30, 1968: The North Vietnamese join forces with the Viet Cong to launch the Tet Offensive, attacking approximately 100 South Vietnamese cities and towns. March 16, 1968: U.S. soldiers killed hundreds of Vietnamese civilians in the town of Mai Lai. Refugees flee the Tan Son Nhut area after a Viet Cong attack on May 6, 1968. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images July 1968: General William Westmoreland, who had been in charge of the U.S. troops in Vietnam, is replaced by General Creighton Abrams. December 1968: U.S. troops in Vietnam reaches 540,000. July 1969: President Nixon orders the first of many U.S. troop withdrawals from Vietnam. September 3, 1969: Communist revolutionary leader Ho Chi Minh dies at age 79. November 13, 1969: The American public learns of the Mai Lai massacre. The 1970s Hundreds of students at Kent State staged a demonstration in protest against the Nixon administrations expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia on May 4, 1970. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images April 30, 1970: President Nixon announces that U.S. troops will attack enemy locations in Cambodia. This news sparks nationwide protests, especially on college campuses. May 4, 1970: National Guardsmen fire a barrage of tear gas into a crowd of demonstrators protesting the expansion into Cambodia on the campus of Kent State University; four students are killed. June 13, 1971: Portions of the Pentagon Papers are published in The New York Times. March 1972: The North Vietnamese cross the demilitarized zone (DMZ) at the 17th parallel to attack South Vietnam in what became known as the Easter Offensive. January 27, 1973: The Paris Peace Accords are signed that provide a cease-fire. March 29, 1973: The last U.S. troops are withdrawn from Vietnam. March 1975: North Vietnam launches a massive assault on South Vietnam. April 30, 1975: Saigon falls, and South Vietnam surrenders to the communists, the official end of the Second Indochina War/Vietnam War. WASHINGTON, DC - APRIL 30: Vietnam war veteran Steve Moczary, who served two tours during the war, searches for the name of his friend Msgt. Cecil Hodgson at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. Win McNamee / Getty Images July 2, 1976: Vietnam is unified as a communist country, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. November 13, 1982: The Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. is dedicated.

Jim Crow Laws Free Essays

Segregation and disfranchisement laws were often supported, moreover, by brutal acts of ceremonial and ritualized mob vi olence (lynchings) against southern blacks. Indeed, from 1889 to 1930, over 3,700 men and women were reported lynched in the United States–most of whom were southern blacks. Hundreds of other lynchings and acts of mob terror aimed at brutalizing blacks occurred throughout the era but went unreported in the press. We will write a custom essay sample on Jim Crow Laws or any similar topic only for you Order Now Numerous race riots erupted in the Jim Crow era, usually in towns and cities and almost always in defense of segregation and white supremacy. These riots engulfed the nation from Wilmington, South Carolina, to Houston, Texas; from East St. Louis and Chicago to Tulsa, Oklahoma, in the years from 1865 to 1955. The riots usually erupted in urban areas to which southern, rural blacks had recently migrated. In the single year of 1919, at least twenty-five incidents were recorded, with numerous deaths and hundreds of people injured. So bloody was this summer of that year that it is known as the Red Summer of 1919. The so-called Jim Crow segregation laws gained significant impetus from U. S. Supreme Court rulings in the last two decades of the nineteenth century. In 1883, the Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional the Civil Rights Act of 1875. The 1875 law stipulated: â€Å"That all persons †¦ shall be entitled to full and equal enjoyment of the ac Some historians believe that a Mr. Crow owned the slave who inspired Rice’s act–thus the reason for the Jim Crow term in the lyrics. In any case, Rice incorporated the skit into his minstrel act, and by the 1850s the â€Å"Jim Crow† character had become a standard part of the minstrel show scene in America. On the eve of the Civil War, the Jim Crow idea was one of many stereotypical images of black inferiority in the popular culture of the day–along with Sambos, Coons, and Zip Dandies. The word Jim Crow became a racial slur synonymous with black, colored, or Negro in the vocabulary of many whites; and by the end of the century acts of racial discrimination toward blacks were often referred to as Jim Crow laws and practices. How to cite Jim Crow Laws, Papers

Animal Research Essay Example For Students

Animal Research Essay Animal ResearchFor the past 20 years, there has a been an on going heateddebate on whether experiments on animals for the benefit of medical and scientific research is ethical. Whether it is or isnt, most people believe that some form of cost-benefit test should be performedto determine if the action is right. The costs include: animal pain, distress and death where thebenefits include the collection of new knowledge or the development of new medical therapies forhumans. Looking into these different aspects of the experimentation, there is a large gap for argumentbetween the different scientists views. In the next few paragraphs, both sides of the argument will beexpressed by the supporters. A well known scientist named Neal D. Barnard said, The use ofanimals for research and testing is only one of many investigative techniques available. We believethat although animal experiments are sometimes intellectually seductive, they are poorly suited toaddressing the urgent health problems of our era, such as heart disease, cancer, stroke, AIDS andbirth defects. He goes on further to say that animal experiments can not only mislead researchersbut even contribute to illnesses or deaths by failing to predict any toxic effect on drugs. The majorityof animals in laboratories are used for genetic manipulation, surgical intervention or injection offoreign substances. Researchers produce solutions from these animal models and are adaptingthem to human conditions. Unfortunately, these animal models cant always be connected with thehuman body thus creating problems. Many times, researchers induce strokes on animals in order totest certain methods for curing. The downfall of this procedure is that a healthy animal thatexperiences a sudden stroke does not undergo the slowly progressive arterial damage that usuallyplays a crucial role in human strokes. In another illustration of the inaccuracy of animal research,scientists in the 1960s deduced from many animal experiments that inhaled tobacco smoke did notcause lung cancer. For many years afterward, the tobacco industry was able to use these studies todelay government warnings and to discourage physician s from intervening in their patients smokinghabits. We all know now that this is totally untrue and that smoking is a large contributor to cancer. Itturns out that cancer research is especially sensitive to differences in physiology between humans andother animals. Many animals, particularly rats and mice, synthesize within their bodies approximately100 times the recommended daily allowance for humans of vitamin C, which is believed to help thebody ward off cancer. The stress of handling, confinement and isolation alters the animals mentalstability and introduces yet another experimental variable that makes any results from testing evenless valuable to human helping. In many cases, drugs and other substances are given to the testanimals but studies have shown considerable differences in the effects of these drugs on differentspecies. David Salsburg of Pfizer Central Research has noted that of 19 chemicals known to causecancer in humans when ingested, only seven caused cancer in mice and rats using the standards setby the National Cancer Institute. This justifies that many substances that appeared safe in animalstudies and received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in humans laterproved dangerous to people. The drug milrinone, which raises cardiac output, increased survival ofrats with artificially induced heart failure; humans with severe chronic heart failure taking this drug hada 30 percent increase in fatalities. Also, the antiviral drug fialuridine seemed safe in animal trials yetcaused liver failure in seven of 15 humans taking the drug (five of these patients died as a result of themedication, and the other two received liver transplants). Scientists and the populous that do notagree with the experimentation of animals believe in different methods. These techniques includeepidemiological studies, clinical intervention trials, astute clinical observation aided by laboratorytesting, human tissue and cell cultures, autopsy studies, endoscopic examination and biopsy, as wellas new imaging methods. In the last decade, scientists with these views have learned to respect theanimals for their own species observations and for their ability to communicate. On the reverseaspect, many scientists .ud972d14778e114ce40ee6a1444deef2f , .ud972d14778e114ce40ee6a1444deef2f .postImageUrl , .ud972d14778e114ce40ee6a1444deef2f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud972d14778e114ce40ee6a1444deef2f , .ud972d14778e114ce40ee6a1444deef2f:hover , .ud972d14778e114ce40ee6a1444deef2f:visited , .ud972d14778e114ce40ee6a1444deef2f:active { border:0!important; } .ud972d14778e114ce40ee6a1444deef2f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud972d14778e114ce40ee6a1444deef2f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud972d14778e114ce40ee6a1444deef2f:active , .ud972d14778e114ce40ee6a1444deef2f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud972d14778e114ce40ee6a1444deef2f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud972d14778e114ce40ee6a1444deef2f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud972d14778e114ce40ee6a1444deef2f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud972d14778e114ce40ee6a1444deef2f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud972d14778e114ce40ee6a1444deef2f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud972d14778e114ce40ee6a1444deef2f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud972d14778e114ce40ee6a1444deef2f .ud972d14778e114ce40ee6a1444deef2f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud972d14778e114ce40ee6a1444deef2f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Julius Caesar – Mark Antony Essay Summary